Chemical compound
Promazine (brand name Sparine among others),[2] is used as a short-term add-on treatment for psychomotor agitation .[3] [4] Its approved uses in people is limited, but is used as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine .[3] It has weak antipsychotic effects but is generally not used to treat psychoses .[3]
It acts similar to chlorpromazine and causes sedation .[3] It has predominantly anticholinergic side effects, though extrapyramidal side effects are not uncommon. It belongs to the typical antipsychotic and phenothiazine class of drugs.[5]
Promazine was approved for medical use in the United States in the 1950s, although it is no longer commercially available there.[2] [6]
Uses
Promazine is a short-term add-on treatment for psychomotor agitation .[4]
Adverse effects
Common side effects include agitation, absent menstruation , arrhythmias , constipation , drowsiness and dizziness, dry mouth, problems with erection, tiredness, milky nipple discharge , large breasts , high sugars , difficulty sleeping , low blood pressure , prolonged QT , fits , shaking , vomiting and weight gain, among others.[4]
Overdose
In overdose, it may cause blood pressure to drop , lowering of body temperature , increased heart rate , and an irregular heart beat .[4]
Sudden death may occur, although rare.[4]
Other animals
Promazine, given as promazine hydrochloride, is one of the primary tranquilizers used by veterinarians as a pre-anaesthesia injection in horses.[7] [8] It does not provide analgesia and is not a very strong sedative, hence it is used combined with opioids or α2 adrenoreceptor agonists , such as clonidine , or both.[8] [9] It can be used alone when performing a non-painful procedure such as the fitting a horseshoe .[9] Low blood pressure , fast heart rate and paralysis of the penis are side effects.[7] It is also an antiemetic , antispasmodic and hypothermic agent.[8] Additionally it is used to lower blood pressure in animals with laminitis and kidney failure .[8] It is available in the US for veterinary use under the names Promazine and Tranquazine .[citation needed ]
Synthesis
Synthesis:[10] [11] [12] Patents:[13] [14] ~75%:[15]
References
^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16 .
^ a b "Promazine (Primazine, Prozine)" . Davis's Drug Guide . Retrieved 6 August 2021 .
^ a b c d Davis C (2007). "Promazine". In Enna SJ, Bylund DB (eds.). X Pharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference . Elsevier. pp. 1–6. doi :10.1016/B978-008055232-3.62472-9 . ISBN 978-0-08-055232-3 .
^ a b c d e "BNF" . NICE . Retrieved 4 August 2021 .
^ Pagliaro LA, Pagliaro AM (1999). "PPDR: Promazine" . Psychologist's Neuropsychotropic Desk Reference . Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel. p. 535. ISBN 978-1-138-00968-4 .
^ "Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs" . New Drug Application (NDA): 010942 Sparine . U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
^ a b Hendrickson DA (2007). "2. Anaesthesia and fluid therapy" . Techniques in Large Animal Surgery (3rd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7817-8255-5 .
^ a b c d "Promazine" . Equimed - Horse Health Matters . 20 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 .
^ a b Ringer SK, Mama KR (2019). "23. Chemical restraint for standing procedures" . In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds.). Equine Surgery (5th ed.). St Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. pp. 351–352. ISBN 978-0-323-48420-6 .
^ Wirth W (August 1958). "". Arzneimittel-Forschung . 8 (8): 507–511. PMID 13584240 .
^ Szabo WA, Chung RH, Tam CC, Tishler M (February 1980). "Synthetic applications and mechanism of the pyrolysis of phenothiazine carbamates". The Journal of Organic Chemistry . 45 (4): 744–746. doi :10.1021/jo01292a048 .
^ Schmolka SJ, Zimmer H (1984). "N -Dimethylaminopropylation in a Solid-Liquid Two Phase System: Synthesis of Chlorpromazine, its Analogs, and Related Compounds". Synthesis . 1984 (1): 29–31. doi :10.1055/s-1984-30719 . S2CID 95682513 .
^ US 2519886 , Charpentier P, issued 1950, assigned to Rhône-Poulenc.
^ US 3100772 , Kantor ML, Samuel T, issued 1963, assigned to Wyeth LLC.
^ Dahl T, Tornøe CW, Bang-Andersen B, Nielsen P, Jørgensen M (15 February 2008). "Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Approach to Promazine with Formation of One Carbon–Sulfur and Two Carbon–Nitrogen Bonds". Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 47 (9): 1726–1728. doi :10.1002/anie.200705209 . PMID 18213669 .
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