Islamic State
الدولة الإسلامية ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah
Flag[1]
Also known as	IS, ISIS, ISIL, Daesh, Dawlatul Islamiyah Fil Iraq Wal Sham
Founder	Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi †
Leaders	Leader: Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Spokesman: Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari Former leaders: Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi †,[2][3][4] Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi †,[5] Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi †,[6] Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi †[7] Deputy leader in Iraq: Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi[8][better source needed] Deputy leader in Syria: Maher al-Agal †[9] Deputy leader in Libya: Abdul Qader al-Najdi †[10] Military chief: Abu Saleh al-Obaidi[8][better source needed] Head of the Shura Council: Abu Arkan al-Ameri[11] Chief of Syrian military operations: Abu Omar al-Shishani †[12][13][14][15][16] Minister of War: Gulmurod Khalimov †[17][18] Minister of Finance: Sami Jasim Muhammad al-Jaburi (POW)[19] Minister of Information: Abu Muhammad al-Furqan †[20] Former spokesmen: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani †[21][12] Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi †[22][23] Abu Omar al-Muhajir (POW)[3][24]
Dates of operation	1999–present 1999: Established under the name of Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad October 2004: Joined al-Qaeda 13 October 2006: Declaration of an Islamic State in Iraq 8 April 2013: Renamed to "ISIL" and claim of territory in the Levant 3 February 2014: Separated from al-Qaeda[25][26] 29 June 2014: Declaration of caliphate 13 November 2014: Claim of territory in Libya, Egypt, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen 29 January 2015: Claim of territory in South Asia[27] 12 March 2015: Claim of territory in Nigeria[28] 23 June 2015: Claim of territory in North Caucasus[29] 20 July 2017: Recapture of Mosul by Iraqi forces 17 October 2017: Capture of Raqqa by SDF forces 23 March 2019: Loses all of its territory in Syria 27 October 2019: Killing of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 3 February 2022: Killing of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi[30]
Group(s)	Algerian Province Bengal Province Caucasus Province Central Africa Province Greater Sahara Province Khorasan Province Libyan Province Sinai Province Somalia Province West Africa Province Yemen Province East Asia Province Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade Ansar Khalifa Philippines (2021) East Indonesia Mujahideen (until 2022) Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (until 2018) Unorganized cells Azerbaijan Province Hind Province Jammu and Kashmir Province Pakistan Province[31] Kurdistan Province Turkey Province Haramayn Province Lebanon Province Tunis Province Misr Province Muzambiq Province Brussels Islamic State terror cell
Headquarters	Unknown (March 2019 – present) Former Baqubah, Iraq (2006–2007) No central headquarters (2007–2013) Raqqa, Syria (2013–2017) Mayadin, Syria (June–October 2017)[32] Al-Qa'im, Iraq (October–November 2017)[33] Abu Kamal, Syria (November 2017)[34] Hajin, Syria (November 2017 – December 2018)[35] Al-Susah, Syria (December 2018 – January 2019)[36][37] Al-Marashidah, Syria (January–February 2019)[38][39][40] Al-Baghuz Fawqani, Syria (February–March 2019)[41][42]
Active regions	IS territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent (May 2015)[43] Map legend   Islamic State   Iraqi government   Syrian government   Lebanese government   Iraqi Kurdistan forces   Syrian Kurdistan forces   Syrian opposition forces   Turkish Armed Forces   Al-Nusra Front   Hezbollah Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them. Detailed current maps Detailed map of the Syrian, Iraqi, and Lebanese conflicts Detailed map of the Libyan Civil War Detailed map of the Sinai insurgency Detailed map of the Nigerian insurgency Detailed map of the Yemeni Civil War Detailed map of the Insurgency in Mozambique Detailed map of the Somali Civil War Detailed map of the Mali War
Ideology	Islamic Statism Qutbism[44][45][46] Takfirism[44][47][48] Wahhabism[48][49][50][51] Pan-Islamism Salafism[49][52] Salafi jihadism[49][48][50][51][52] Anti-Yazidi sentiment[30][53][54][55] Anti-Shia sentiment[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] Anti-Christian sentiment[56][64][65][66] Anti-Hindu sentiment[67][68][69][70][71][72] Anti-LGBT sentiment[73][74][75][76][77][78][79] Antisemitism[a] Misogyny[90][91][92][93]
Slogan	Baqiya wa Tatamadad (Remaining and Expanding)
Status	Active
Size	List of combatant numbers Inside Syria and Iraq: 5,000–10,000[94] (UN Security Council 2019 report) 28,600–31,600 (July 2018)[95] (2016 US Defense Department estimate) 200,000[96][97] (2015 claim by Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff) 100,000[98][97] (2015 Jihadist claim) 35,000–100,000[99] (at peak, US State Department estimate) Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See Military activity of ISIL for more detailed estimates.) Estimated total: 61,200–257,900 Civilian population In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million[100][101] In 2022 (ISWAP): 800,000[102]
Allies	See section
Opponents	State opponents  Afghanistan  Canada[103] European Union  France  India  Iran  Iraq  Israel[104][105][106]  Jordan[107]  Lebanon  Libya  Mozambique  Nigeria  Pakistan  Philippines  Russia  Saudi Arabia  Syria  Turkey  United Arab Emirates[107]  United Kingdom  United States  Yemen Additional opponents  Abkhazia  Albania[107]  Algeria[108]  Armenia  Artsakh (until 2023)  Australia[109]  Austria[107]  Azerbaijan  Bahrain[107]  Bangladesh  Belgium  Benin  Bolivia[110]  Bosnia and Herzegovina[107][111]  Brazil[112]  Bulgaria  Cambodia  Cameroon  Chad  China[113]  DR Congo  Croatia[107]  Czech Republic[107]  Denmark  Djibouti[114]  Egypt  Estonia  Fiji[115]  Finland[107]  Georgia  Germany[116]  Greece[117]  Hungary[107]  Indonesia  Ireland[107]  Italy[118]  Japan[107]  Kazakhstan[119]  North Korea[120]  South Korea[107]  Kosovo[107]  Kyrgyzstan[121]  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg[107]  Malaysia[122]  Maldives  Malta[107]  Mauritius[123]  Mexico[107]  Moldova[107]  Morocco[107]  Myanmar  Netherlands  New Zealand[107]  Nicaragua[124]  Niger  North Macedonia[107]  Norway[107]  Oman[107]  Palestine  Poland[107]  Portugal[107]  Qatar[107]  Romania[107]  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic  Serbia[107]  Singapore  Slovakia[107]  Slovenia[107]  Somalia  South Ossetia  Spain[125]  Sri Lanka[126]  Sweden[107]   Switzerland[107]  Taiwan[107]  Tajikistan[127]  Thailand  Trinidad and Tobago  Tunisia  Turkmenistan[128]  Uganda[129]  Ukraine[107]  Uzbekistan[130]  Vietnam Non-state opponents Syrian Interim Government  ∟ Occupied Syria  ∟ Syrian National Army[131] North and East Syria  ∟ Syrian Democratic Forces Syrian Salvation Government  ∟ Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham Peshmerga  al-Qaeda[132] Additional opponents Hezbollah Houthis Free Syrian Army Hamas Nineveh Plain Protection Units Badr Organization[133] Popular Mobilization Forces Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq[134] Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Full list... National Defence Forces Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Kurdistan Communities Union Ahrar al-Sham Al-Nusra Front (Tahrir al-Sham since 2017[135]) Libya Shield Force Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna[136] Army of Conquest (2015–17) Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham[137] Jaysh al-Mu'ammal[138] Syrian Hezbollah Quwat al-Ridha[139] Liwa Fatemiyoun[140] Liwa Zainebiyoun[141] Islamic Front[142] Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union Ba'ath Brigades[143] Venezuelan opposition[144] More...
Battles and wars	Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency Syrian civil war War in Iraq (2013–2017) Second Libyan Civil War Boko Haram insurgency Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Afghanistan Yemeni Civil War Other conflicts Primary target of Operation Inherent Resolve Military intervention against IS American-led intervention in Syria American-led intervention in Iraq Egyptian intervention in Libya Nigerian-led intervention
Preceded by Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004–2006)[145] Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State in Iraq (2006–2013)

Part of a series on
Jihadism
Practices and concepts Jihad Mujahideen Istishhad Shahid Shahidka Inghimasi Martyrdom video Beheading video Islamic terrorism Suicide attack Jihadist flag
Islamic fundamentalism Islamism Qutbism Salafism and Wahhabism International propagation Salafi jihadism
Notable jihadist organisations Taliban Pakistani Taliban Al-Qaeda Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Al-Shabaab Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Ahrar al-Sham Islamic State of Iraq Islamic State Boko Haram Al-Nusra Front Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
Jihadism in Africa Boko Haram insurgency Insurgency in Cabo Delgado Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel
Jihadism in Asia Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen East Turkestan Islamic Movement Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Moro insurgency in the Philippines Sinai insurgency South Thailand insurgency Taliban insurgency Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan
Jihadism in the West Islamic terrorism in Europe Islamic terrorism in the Balkans Islamism in the United Kingdom Jihadist extremism in the United States Foreign fighters in Bosnia Bosnian mujahideen Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq Homegrown terrorism Jihadi tourism
Islam portal
v t e

The Islamic State (IS),^[b] also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh,^[c] is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.^[146] Its origins were in the Jai'sh al-Taifa al-Mansurah organization founded by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2004, which fought alongside Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn during the Iraqi insurgency. The group gained global prominence in 2014, when its militants successfully captured large territories in northwestern Iraq^{[147][148][149]} and eastern Syria, taking advantage of the ongoing Syrian civil war.^{[150][151][152]} IS is well known for its massive human rights violations and war crimes. It engaged in the persecution of Christians and Shia Muslims, and published videos of beheadings and executions against journalists and aid workers. By the end of 2015, it was internationally considered to be one of the biggest terrorist organizations of all time and it ruled an area with an estimated population of twelve million people,^{[100][101][153]} where it enforced its extremist interpretation of Islamic law, managed an annual budget exceeding US$1 billion, and commanded more than 30,000 fighters.^[154]

After a protracted and intense conflict with American, Iraqi, and Kurdish forces, IS lost control of all its Middle Eastern territories by 2019. It subsequently reverted to insurgency tactics, operating from remote hideouts while continuing its propaganda efforts. These efforts have garnered it a significant following in northern and Sahelian Africa.^[155][156]

Between 2004 and 2013, IS was allied to al-Qaeda (primarily under the name "Islamic State of Iraq") and participated in the Iraqi insurgency against the American occupation. The group later changed its name to "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" for about a year,^[157][158] before declaring itself to be a worldwide caliphate,^[159][160] called simply the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية, ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah).^[161] As a self-proclaimed caliphate, it demanded the religious, political, and military obedience of Muslims worldwide,^[162] despite the rejection of its legitimacy by mainstream Muslims and its statehood by the United Nations and most governments.^[163]

Over the following years, the Iraqi Armed Forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces pushed back the IS and degraded its financial and military infrastructure,^[164] assisted by advisors, weapons, training, supplies and airstrikes by the American-led coalition,^[165] and later by Russian airstrikes, bombings, cruise missile attacks and scorched-earth tactics across Syria, which focused mostly on razing Syrian opposition strongholds rather than IS bases.^[166] By March 2019, IS lost the last of its territories in West Asia, although it maintained a significant territorial presence in Africa as of 2023.^[167]

Designated a terrorist organization by the United Nations and others, IS was known for its massive human rights violations. During its rule in Northern Iraq, it launched a genocide against Yazidis, engaged in persecution of Christians and Shia Muslims; publicized videos of beheadings of soldiers, journalists, and aid workers; and destroyed several cultural sites. The group has also perpetrated massacres in territories outside of its control in events widely described as terrorist attacks, such as the November 2015 Paris attacks, the 2024 Kerman bombings and the Crocus City Hall attack in March 2024.^[168]

Name

The Islamic State (IS)^[169] is also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; /ˈaɪsɪl/), Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS; /ˈaɪsɪs/),^[170][171] and by its Arabic acronym Da'ish^[172][173] or Daesh (داعش, Dāʿish, IPA: [ˈdaːʕɪʃ]),^[174] and also as Dawlat al-Islam (Arabic: دولة الإسلام).^[175]

In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām (الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام). As al-Shām is a region often compared with the Levant or Greater Syria, the group's name has been variously translated as "Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham",^[176] "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria"^[177] (both abbreviated as ISIS), or "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (abbreviated as ISIL).^[171]

While the use of either one or the other acronym has been the subject of debate,^[171] the distinction between the two and its relevance has been considered not so great.^[171] Of greater relevance is the name Daesh, which is an acronym of ISIL's Arabic name ad-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī l-ʻIrāq wa-sh-Shām. Dāʿish (داعش), or Daesh. This name has been widely used by ISIL's Arabic-speaking detractors,^[176][178] for example when referring to the group whilst speaking amongst themselves, although—and to a certain extent because⁠—it is considered derogatory, as it resembles the Arabic words Daes ("one who crushes, or tramples down, something underfoot") and Dāhis (loosely translated: "one who sows discord").^[174][179] Within areas under its control, ISIL considers use of the name Daesh punishable by flogging.^[180]

In late June 2014, the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah (lit. 'Islamic State' or IS), declaring itself a worldwide caliphate.^[160] The name "Islamic State" and the group's claim to be a caliphate have been widely rejected, with the UN, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups refusing to use the new name.^[181] The group's declaration of a new caliphate in June 2014 and its adoption of the name "Islamic State" have been criticised and ridiculed by Muslim scholars and rival Islamists both inside and outside the territory it controls.^[182]

In a speech in September 2014, United States President Barack Obama said that ISIL was neither "Islamic" (on the basis that no religion condones the killing of innocents) nor was it a "state" (in that no government recognises the group as a state),^[183] while many object to using the name "Islamic State" owing to the far-reaching religious and political claims to authority which that name implies. The United Nations Security Council,^[184] the United States,^[183] Canada,^[185] Turkey,^[186] Australia,^[187] the United Kingdom^[188] and other countries generally call the group "ISIL", while much of the Arab world uses the Arabic acronym "Dāʻish" (or "Daesh"). France's Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said "This is a terrorist group and not a state. I do not recommend using the term Islamic State because it blurs the lines between Islam, Muslims, and Islamists. The Arabs call it 'Daesh' and I will be calling them the 'Daesh cutthroats'."^[189] Retired general John Allen, the U.S. envoy appointed to co-ordinate the coalition; U.S. Army Lieutenant General James Terry, head of operations against the group; and Secretary of State John Kerry had all shifted towards use of the term Daesh by December 2014,^[190] which nonetheless remained a pejorative in 2021.^[191]

In 2014, Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah dubbed ISIS as QSIS for "al-Qaeda Separatists in Iraq and Syria", arguing that ISIL does not represent the vast majority of Muslims.^[192]

Purpose and strategy

Ideology

IS is a theocracy, proto-state,^[193] and a Salafi jihadist group.^{[49][48][50][51][52][194]} The organization's ideology has been described as a hybrid of Qutbism,^[44][45][46] Takfirism,^[44][47][48] Salafism,^[49][52] Salafi jihadism,^{[49][48][50][51][52]} Wahhabism,^{[49][48][50][51]} and Sunni Islamist fundamentalism.^{[50][51][195]} Although IS claims to adhere to the Salafi theology of Ibn Taymiyyah, it rebels against traditional Salafi interpretations as well as the four Sunni schools of law and anathematises the majority of Salafis as heretics. IS ideologues rarely uphold adherence to Islamic scholarship and law manuals for reference, mostly preferring to derive rulings based on self-interpretation of the Qur'an and Muslim traditions.^[196]

According to Robert Manne, there is a "general consensus" that the ideology of the Islamic State is "primarily based upon the writings of the radical Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood theoretician Sayyid Qutb".^[197][198] The Muslim Brotherhood began the trend of political Islamism in the 20th century, seeking gradual establishment of a new Caliphate, a comprehensive Islamic society ruled by sharia law. Qutb's doctrines of Jahiliyya (pre-Islamic ignorance), Hakimiyya (Divine Sovereignty), and Takfir of entire societies formed a radicalised vision of the Muslim Brotherhood's political Islam project. Qutbism became the precursor to all Jihadist thought, from Abdullah Azzam to Zawahiri and to Daesh.^[199] Alongside Sayyid Qutb, the most invoked ideological figures of IS include Ibn Taymiyya, Abdullah Azzam, and Abu Bakr Naji.^[200]

Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, the first Emir of ISI, was radicalised as a Muslim Brotherhood member during his youth.^[201] Motaz Al-Khateeb states that religious texts and Islamic jurisprudence "alone cannot explain the emergence" of Daesh since the Muslim Brotherhood and Daesh "draw on the same Islamic jurisprudence" but "are diametrically opposite" in strategy and behavior.^[202] Through the official statement of beliefs originally released by al-Baghdadi in 2007 and subsequently updated since June 2014, ISIL defined its creed as "a middle way between the extremist Kharijites and the lax Murji'ites".^[48]: 38 ISIL's ideology represents radical Jihadi-Salafi Islam, a strict, puritanical form of Sunni Islam.^[203] Muslim organisations like Islamic Networks Group (ING) in America have argued against this interpretation of Islam.^[204] ISIL promotes religious violence, and regards Muslims who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates.^[205]

According to Hayder al Khoei, ISIL's philosophy is represented by the symbolism in the Black Standard variant of the legendary battle flag of Muhammad that it has adopted: the flag shows the Seal of Muhammad within a white circle, with the phrase above it, "There is no god but Allah".^[206] This symbolism is said to symbolize ISIL's belief that it represents the restoration of the caliphate of early Islam, with all the political, religious and eschatological ramifications that this would imply.^[207]

Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir, an Egyptian Jihadist theoretician and ideologue is considered as the key inspiration for early figures of IS.^{[208][209][210]} Al-Muhajir's legal manual on violence, Fiqh ad-Dima (The Jurisprudence of Jihad or The Jurisprudence of Blood),^{[211][208][209][210][212]} was adopted by ISIL as its standard reference for justifying its extraordinary acts of violence.^{[211][208][209][210]} The book has been described by counter-terrorism scholar Orwa Ajjoub as rationalising and justifying "suicide operations, the mutilation of corpses, beheading, and the killing of children and non-combatants."^[210] His theological and legal justifications influenced ISIL,^{[208][209][210]} al-Qaeda,^[208] and Boko Haram,^[209] as well as several other jihadi terrorist groups.^[208] Numerous media outlets have compared his reference manual to Abu Bakr Naji's Management of Savagery,^{[213][214][215][216]} widely read among ISIS's commanders and fighters.^[217]

ISIL adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hard-line ideology of al-Qaeda and many other modern-day jihadist groups.^[25][205]

For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State ... are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam. The group circulates images of Wahhabi religious textbooks from Saudi Arabia in the schools it controls. Videos from the group's territory have shown Wahhabi texts plastered on the sides of an official missionary van.

— David D. Kirkpatrick, The New York Times^[218]

According to The Economist, Saudi practices followed by the group include the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction or re-purposing of any non-Sunni religious buildings.^[219] Bernard Haykel has described ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism".^[218] Senior Saudi religious leaders have issued statements condemning ISIL^[220] and attempting to distance the group from official Saudi religious beliefs.^[221]

What connection, if any, there is between Salafi-Jihadism of Daesh and Wahhabism and Salafism proper is disputed. ISIS borrowed two elements of Qutbism and 20th century Islamism into its version of Wahhabi worldview. While Wahhabism shuns violent rebellion against earthly rulers, ISIS embraces political call to revolutions. While historically Wahhabis were not champion activists of a Caliphate, ISIS borrowed the idea of restoration of a global Caliphate.^[222]

Although the religious character of ISIS is mostly Wahhabi, it departs from Wahhabi tradition in four critical aspects: dynastic alliance, call to establish a global caliphate, sheer violence, and apocalyptism.^[223]

ISIS did not follow the pattern of the first three Saudi states in allying the religious mission of the Najdi ulema with the Al Saud family, rather they consider them apostates. The call for a global caliphate is another departure from Wahhabism. The caliphate, understood in Islamic law as the ideal Islamic polity uniting all Muslim territories, does not figure much in traditional Najdi writings. Ironically, Wahhabism emerged as an anti-caliphate movement.^[224] Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Worldwide_caliphate
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.