This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2022)

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The COVID-19 pandemic affected educational systems across the world.^[1] The number of cases of COVID-19 started to rise in March 2020 and many educational institutions and universities underwent closure. Most countries decided to temporarily close educational institutions in order to reduce the spread of COVID-19. UNESCO estimates that at the height of the closures in April 2020, national educational shutdowns affected nearly 1.6 billion students in 200 countries: 94% of the student population and one-fifth of the global population. Closures are estimated to have lasted for an average of 41 weeks (10.3 months). They have had significant negative effects on student learning, which are predicted to have substantial long-term implications for both education and earnings. During the pandemic, education budgets and official aid program budgets for education have decreased.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

The lockdowns have disproportionately affected already disadvantaged students, and students in low and middle income nations.^[2][6][5][7] Scarcer education options impacted people with few financial resources, while those with more found education.^[8] New online programs shifted the labor of education from schools to families and individuals, and consequently, people everywhere who relied on schools rather than computers and homeschooling had more difficulty.^[8] Early childhood education and care as well as school closures impacted students, teachers, and families,^[9] and far-reaching economic and societal consequences are expected.^[10][11][12] School closures shed light on various social and economic issues, including student debt,^[13] digital learning,^[12][14][15] food security,^[16] and homelessness,^[17][18] as well as access to childcare,^[19] health care,^[20] housing,^[21] internet,^[22] and disability services.^[23] The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems, and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.^[24][25]

In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education. In 2020, UNESCO estimated that nearly 24 million will dropout, with South Asia and Western Asia being the most affected.^[26]

Past school closures

Efforts to slow the spread of COVID-19 through non-pharmaceutical interventions and preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation have prompted the widespread closure of primary, secondary, and tertiary schooling in over 100 countries.^[27]

Previous outbreaks of infectious diseases have prompted widespread school closings around the world, with varying levels of effectiveness.^[28][29][30] Mathematical models have shown that transmission may be delayed by closing schools.^[31] However, effectiveness depends on the contacts children maintain outside of school.^[32][33] School closures appear effective in decreasing cases and deaths, particularly when enacted promptly.^[34] If school closures occur late relative to an outbreak, they are less effective and may not have any impact at all.^[28][29] Additionally, in some cases, the reopening of schools after a period of closure has resulted in increased infection rates.^[35] As closures tend to occur concurrently with other interventions such as public gathering bans, it can be difficult to measure the specific impact of school closures.^[35]

During the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in the United States, school closures and public gathering bans were associated with lower total mortality rates.^[29] Cities that implemented such interventions earlier had greater delays in reaching peak mortality rates.^[36][35] Schools closed for a median duration of 4 weeks according to a study of 43 US cities' response to the Spanish Flu.^[36] School closures were shown to reduce morbidity from the Asian flu by 90% during the 1957–58 outbreak,^[37] and up to 50% in controlling influenza in the US, 2004–2008.^[38]

Multiple countries successfully slowed the spread of infection through school closures during the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic. School closures in the city of Oita, Japan, were found to have successfully decreased the number of infected students at the peak of infection; however closing schools was not found to have significantly decreased the total number of infected students.^[39] Mandatory school closures and other social distancing measures were associated with a 29% to 37% reduction in influenza transmission rates.^[40] Early school closures in the United States delayed the peak of the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.^[28] Despite the overall success of closing schools, a study of school closures in Michigan found that "district level reactive school closures were ineffective."^[41]

During the swine flu outbreak in 2009 in the UK, in an article titled "Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic" published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, a group of epidemiologists endorsed the closure of schools in order to interrupt the course of the infection, slow further spread and buy time to research and produce a vaccine.^[42] Having studied previous influenza pandemics including the 1918 flu pandemic, the influenza pandemic of 1957 and the 1968 flu pandemic, they reported on the economic and workforce effect school closure would have, particularly with a large percentage of doctors and nurses being women, of whom half had children under the age of 16. They also looked at the dynamics of the spread of influenza in France during French school holidays and noted that cases of flu dropped when schools closed and re-emerged when they re-opened. They noted that when teachers in Israel went on strike during the flu season of 1999–2000, visits to doctors and the number of respiratory infections dropped by more than a fifth and more than two fifths respectively.^[43]

Hazard controls

For schools and childcare facilities, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends short-term closure to clean or disinfect if an infected person has been in a school building regardless of community spread. When there is minimal to moderate community transmission, social distancing strategies can be implemented such as postponing or cancelling field trips, assemblies, and other large gatherings such as physical education or choir classes or meals in a cafeteria, increasing the space between desks, staggering arrival and dismissal times, limiting nonessential visitors, and using a separate health office location for children with flu-like symptoms. When there is substantial transmission in the local community, in addition to social distancing strategies, extended school dismissals may be considered.^[44]

As the pandemic progresses, schools may continue with remote learning or decide to reopen. Strategies such as cohorting, rotating schedules, eating lunch in the classroom, and utilizing outdoor spaces are some ways to minimize close contact.^[45] Additional precautions include face masks, hand sanitizer stations, rearranging classrooms to enable physical distancing, and frequent cleaning.^[46] The CDC made a School Decision Tree to aid administrators in the planning process for reopening.^[47] The American Academy of Pediatrics urges re-entry policies need to be flexible and responsive as new information about the virus emerges.^[48]

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine states that in-person instruction for grades K-5 and students with special needs should be prioritized to prevent children from falling behind.^[46] Younger children are at higher risk of suffering from long-term academic consequences and developmental deficits without in-person learning.^[46][49]

Academic integrity

The impact on academic integrity has been observed around the world.^{[50][51][52][53]} A rise in contract cheating, academic file-sharing, and exam cheating^[54] were identified as particularly problematic.^[55] With remote learning, cheating has become far easier for students.^[56] There is no remorse from students who would rather succeed in class than learn.^[57] Online education has also exposed various as yet unresolved legal issues, including copyright and unapproved misuse of lectures.^[58]

Many institutions turned to commercial services to take over exam proctoring,^[59][60] but almost immediately concerns were raised^[61] about student privacy,^[62] surveillance,^[63] and the impact on student mental health.^[12][64][65]

The lack of student to teacher interaction also led students to feel less passionate about the integrity of their work. Students turned in half-completed assignments, got the answers from friends in class, or turned in nothing at all simply because education became less important due to COVID-19.^[66][67][68]

Due to COVID-19 Students have problems with staying focused, and lose their sense of routine.

Engagement and focus are vital to the learning process but are in poor supply under the regime of online learning.^[69] Without in-person interactions with professors and classmates, some students can struggle to focus during class and refrain from asking questions.

Without scheduled times, reminders by the professor and regular conversations with classmates in the lecture hall, it is almost guaranteed that students will fall behind on course readings, content and lecture material.^[69]

Students may interpret that lack of structure to mean that they do not have to do anything, or they may find themselves overwhelmed with too much to do and an inability to determine what order to do it in. Some kids excel with this kind of freedom, but many need to have an even stricter structure to their day for them to be able to focus.^[70]

Gender disparities

The COVID-19 lockdowns has widened the gender gap in education between females and males. The rapid spread of COVID-19 lockdowns forced many females into the traditional roles as caretakers. Common gender disparities that impact a female's education during the pandemic are finances enabling higher dropout rates, domestic violence, child marriage, early pregnancy, and exploitation of child labor.^[71] Female caretakers drop out of schools to provide care for sick family members or become a source of income for their families. In settings with gender disparities in rates of school completion, girls are at increased risk of not returning to school after lockdown if tasked with income-generating activities or caretaking or they become pregnant.^[72] There is a correlation between increased unemployment rates with higher female school dropout rates. Malala Fund research estimates that as a result of the pandemic, 20 million girls in developing countries may never return to the classroom.^[73] Consequently, there is a decreased level of women returning to school, particularly in nations with poverty. Out of the total population of students enrolled in education globally, UNESCO reported as of 31 March 2020 that over 89% were out of school because of COVID-19 closures. This represented 1.54 billion children, and youth enrolled in school or university, including nearly 743 million girls.^[74] During the pandemic, females attending school reported encountering technical challenges with remote learning. Using data from the National Study STEM faculty and students (NSSFS) collected 2020, the report describes gender disparities in experiences of transitioning to remote teaching/learning among US STEM faculty and students.^[75] According to the survey, females reported higher technical challenges in remote learning against their male counterparts. The two main areas that females found challenging in remote learning were adaptability to the course design and transitioning from face-to-face school to remote online learning curriculums. Countries with poverty reported increased gender disparities as families could not afford internet usage in low-income households to pay for female education. Additionally, there was a preference in male over female education as they were seen as sole providers. Over 111 million of these girls are living in the world's least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. These are contexts of extreme poverty, economic vulnerability, and crisis where gender disparities in education are highest. In Mali, Niger, and South Sudan — 3 countries with some of the lowest enrolment and completion rates for girls — closures have forced over 4 million girls out of school.^[74] The broadened gap in gender disparities impacts female education that will exceed beyond the pandemic and seep into their futures. There have been several efforts by UNESCO and other organizations to raise funds for female education, but due to the financial hardships of the pandemic, those efforts have fallen short. Lack of government involvement in the issue and inability to address the increasing concerns of gender disparities in education during the pandemic has limited educational opportunities for females globally.

Racial disparities

The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on racial disparities in online learning during the pandemic has received research attention.^[77] A recent study from the Urban Institute covers some of these findings. Urban's study points to issues in access to a computer and internet. A 2018 survey of households showed that 48% of surveyed households of Alaskan Natives did not have access to computers compared to 35% of Black households, 35% Latino, and 19% White.^[77] Minimal access to computers and the internet was found in 1.3 to 1.4 times as many Black and Hispanic households with school-aged children as it was in white households, with more than two out of five low-income households having just limited access.^[78]

A 2021 report from the Black Education Research Collective analyzes the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on Black education. It evaluates how Black students, parents, educators and community members experience systemic racism during COVID.^[79] The study seeks to show how the pandemic has interrupted education across the country, highlighting existing racial and economic inequities. The study also argues that even before the outbreak, students in vulnerable neighborhoods, primarily Black, Indigenous, and other majority-minority areas, faced disparities in everything from resources (ranging from books to counselors) to student-teacher ratios and extracurricular activities.^[80]

Timeline

• 26 January: China was the first country which instituted measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak including extending the Spring Festival holiday and became the first to close all universities and schools around the country.^[81]

• 4 March: UNESCO released the first global numbers on school closures and affected students on 3 March. It reported that 22 countries on three continents had enacted preventive measures including the temporary closure of schools and universities, impacting 290.5 million students around the world. In reaction, UNESCO called on countries to support affected students and families and facilitate large-scale inclusive distance learning programmes.^[82]

• 5 March: The majority of learners affected by COVID-19 emergency measures were located in China, with 233 million learners affected, followed by Japan at 16.5 million and Iran at 14.5 million.^[83]

• 10 March: One in five students worldwide was "staying away from school due to the COVID-19 crisis" while another one in four was barred from higher education institutions, according to UNESCO.^[84]

• 13–16 March: National governments in 49 countries announced or implemented school closures on 13 March, including 39 countries which closed schools nationwide and 22 countries with localised school closures.^[27] By 16 March, this figure increased to 73 countries according to UNESCO.^[27]

• 19 March: A total of 50% of the students worldwide were affected by school closures, corresponding to nationwide closures in 102 countries and local closures in 11 countries affecting 1 billion people.

• 20 March: Over 70% of the world's learners were impacted by closures, with 124 country-wide school closures.^[27]

• 27 March: Nearly 90% of the world's student population was out of class.^[85]

• 29 March: More than 1.5 billion children and other students were affected by nationwide school closures. Others were disrupted by localized closures.^[24]

• Mid-April: A total of 1.58 billion students globally had been affected by the closure of schools and higher education institutions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[2][3] Based on UNESCO Monitoring Reports, 200 countries implemented national closures, affecting about 94% of the world's student population. The percentage of students affected was as high as 99% for low and lower-middle income countries.^[3][4]
• 30 June: The CDC revised its guidelines for institutes of primary, secondary, and tertiary education, in which it expressly did not recommend the universal testing of students and staff. Rather, the CDC only recommended testing people who are exhibiting COVID-19 symptoms or who have come into contact with a known COVID-19 case.^[86][87]

School closures

Country-wide closures

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2020)

Country-wide school closures by country/territory

Countries and territories	Number of learners enrolled from pre-primary to upper-secondary education	Number of learners enrolled in tertiary education programmes	Additional information	Ref
Afghanistan	9,608,795	370,610		[27]
Albania	520,759	131,833	Schools were closed for two weeks.	[27][88][89]
Algeria	9,492,542	743,640		[27]
Argentina	11,061,186	3,140,963		[27][90]
Armenia	437,612	102,891		[27] Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.  Navigácia: Veda > Analytika Antropológia Aplikované vedy Bibliometria Dejiny vedy Encyklopédie Filozofia vedy Forenzné vedy Humanitné vedy Knižničná veda Kryogenika Kryptológia Kulturológia Literárna veda Medzidisciplinárne oblasti Metódy kvantitatívnej analýzy Metavedy Metodika Metodológia vedy Náboženstvo a veda Náučná literatúra Podvody vo vede Popularizácia vedy Potravinárstvo Prírodné vedy Pseudoveda Scientometria Spoločenské vedy Teórie Teatrológia Technické vedy Technika Terminológia Umenie Výskum Veda Veda a technika podľa štátu Veda a technika podľa kontinentu Veda a technika podľa roka Veda v kozme Vedci Vedecká literatúra Vedecké databázy Vedecké experimenty Vedecké konferencie Vedecké metódy Vedecké ocenenia Vedecké organizácie Vedecké parky Vedeckí spisovatelia Vzdelávanie Záhady Príbuzné výrazy: Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk