Eid Al-Fitr
From top: Muslims performing the Eid prayer at Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey; cakes and sweets, which are popularly consumed during the celebration in Algeria; a sparkler being lit during Eid celebrations in Indonesia
Official name	Arabic: عيد الفطر, romanized: Eid al-Fiṭr
Also called	Festival of Breaking the Fast, Lesser Eid, Sweet Eid, Sugar Feast
Observed by	List  Afghanistan  Albania  Algeria  Argentina  Australia  Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Benin  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Brunei  Burkina Faso  Canada  Cameroon  Central African Republic  Chad  China  Comoros  Denmark  Djibouti  East Timor  Egypt  Eritrea  Ethiopia  Fiji  France  Gabon  Gambia  Germany  Ghana  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana  India  Indonesia  Iran  Iraq  Ivory Coast  Jordan  Kazakhstan  Kenya  Kosovo  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Lebanon  Libya  Madagascar  Malaysia  Malawi  Maldives  Mauritius  Mauritania  Morocco    Nepal  Niger  Nigeria  Northern Cyprus  North Macedonia  Oman  Pakistan  Palestine  Philippines  Qatar  Russia  Rwanda  Saudi Arabia  Senegal  Serbia  Sierra Leone  Singapore  Somalia  South Sudan  Spain  Sri Lanka  Sudan  Suriname  Sweden  Syria  Tajikistan  Tanzania  Thailand  Togo  Trinidad and Tobago  Tunisia  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Uganda  United Arab Emirates  United Kingdom  United States  Uzbekistan  Western Sahara  Yemen
Type	Islamic
Significance	Commemoration to mark the end of fasting in Ramadan
Celebrations	Eid prayers, charity, social gatherings, festive meals, gift-giving, dressing up, Lebaran
Date	1 Shawwal[1]
2025 date	31 March – 2 April[a][2]
2026 date	20 March - 22 March
Related to	Ramadan, Eid al-Adha

Eid al-Fitr (/ˌiːd əl ˈfɪtər, -trə/ EED əl FIT-ər, -⁠rə; Arabic: عيد الفطر, romanized: ʿĪd al-Fiṭr, IPA: [ʕiːd al ˈfɪtˤr], lit. 'Holiday of Breaking the Fast'^[4]) is the earlier of the two official holidays celebrated within Islam (the other being Eid al-Adha). Eid al-Fitr is celebrated by Muslims worldwide because it marks the end of the month-long dawn-to-sunset fasting of Ramadan.^[5] Eid al-Fitr falls on the first day of Shawwal in the Islamic calendar; this does not always fall on the same Gregorian day, as the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on when the new moon is sighted by local religious authorities. The holiday is known under various other names in different languages and countries around the world. The day is also called "Lesser Eid" (Arabic: العيد الصغير, romanized: al-ʿĪd al-Ṣaghīr), or simply Eid.^[6]

Eid al-Fitr has a particular salat (Islamic prayer) that consists of two rakats (units) generally performed in an open field or large hall. It may only be performed in congregation (jamāʿat) and features seven additional Takbirs (raising of the hands to the ears while saying "Allāhu ʾAkbar", meaning "God is the greatest") in the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam: three at the start of the first rakat and three just before rukūʿ in the second rakat.^[7] Other Sunni schools usually have 12 Takbirs, similarly split in groups of seven and five. In Shia Islam, the salat has six Takbirs in the first rakat at the end of qira'a, before rukūʿ, and five in the second.^[8] Depending on the juristic opinion of the locality, this salat is either farḍ (فرض, obligatory), mustaḥabb (strongly recommended) or mandūb (مندوب, preferable). After the salat, Muslims celebrate the Eid al-Fitr in various ways^[9] with food ("Eid cuisine") being a central theme, which also gives the holiday the nickname "Sweet Eid" or "Sugar Feast".^[10][11]

History

According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad instituted the celebration of Eid al-Fitr.^[12] According to certain ahadith, these festivals were initiated in Medina after the migration of Muhammad from Mecca. Anas ibn Malik, a companion of Muhammad, narrated that when Muhammad arrived in Medina, he found people celebrating two specific days in which they entertained themselves with recreation. Muhammad then remarked that God had fixed two mandatory days of festivity: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.^[13]

General rituals

Eid al-Fitr begins at sunset on the night of the first sighting of the crescent moon. The night on which the moon is sighted is celebrated as Chand Raat. If the moon is not observed immediately after the 29th day of the previous lunar month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the holiday is celebrated the following day.^[14] Eid al-Fitr is celebrated for one to three days, depending on the country.^[15] It is forbidden to fast on the Day of Eid, and a specific prayer is nominated for this day.^[16] As an obligatory act of charity, money is paid to the poor and the needy (zakat al-Fitr) before performing the 'Eid prayer.^[17]

Eid prayer and eidgah

The Eid prayer is performed by the congregation in an open area such as a field, community center, or mosque.^[15] No call to prayer is given for this Eid prayer, and it consists of only two rakaʿāt, with a variable amount of takbirs and other prayer elements depending on the branch of Islam observed. The Eid prayer is followed by the khutbah and then a dua asking for God's forgiveness, mercy, peace and blessings for all living beings across the world. The sermon also instructs Muslims as to the performance of rituals of Eid, such as the zakāt.^[18] The sermon of Eid takes place after the Eid prayer, unlike Friday prayer which comes first before prayer. Some imams believe that listening to the sermon at Eid is optional.^[19] After the prayers, Muslims visit their relatives, friends, and acquaintances or hold large communal celebrations in homes, community centers, or rented halls.^[15]

Sunni procedure

As ritual dictates, Sunnis praise God in a loud voice while going to the Eid prayer:

Allāhu Akbar, Allāhu Akbar, Allāhu Akbar. Lā ilāha illà l-Lāh. Allāhu Akbar, Allahu akbar, wa-li-l-Lāh al-ḥamd

Recitation ceases when they get to the place of Eid or once the Imam commences activities.^[20]

The prayer starts by doing niyyah "intention" for the prayer before the takbir is said by the imam. Next, the takbir al-ihram is performed, by saying takbir three times, raising hands to the ears and dropping them each time, except for the last when the hands are folded. The Imam then reads al-Fatihah, followed by another surah. The congregation performs ruku and sujud. This completes the first rak'ah.^[21]

The congregation rises and folds their hands for the second rak'ah, after which the imam recites al-Fatiha followed by another surah. After this, three takbirs are called out just before the ruku, each time raising hands to the ears and dropping them. For the fourth time, the congregation says Allahu Akbar and subsequently goes into the ruku. The rest of the prayer is completed regularly. This completes the Eid prayer. After the prayer, there is a khutbah.^[22]

Shia procedure

The prayer starts with the Niyyat followed by five Takbirs. During every Takbir of the first rakat, a special Dua is recited. Then, the Imam recites Sūrat al-Fātiḥah and Surat Al-'A`lá and the congregation performs Ruku and Sujud as in other prayers. In the second Rakat, the same above steps (five Takbeers, Sūrat al-Fātiḥah and Surat Al-'A`lá, Ruku and Sujud) are repeated. After the prayer, Khutbah starts.^[23]

Post-prayer celebration

A panorama in 12 folds showing an imperial Eid al-Fitr procession by Bahadur Shah Zafar (Delhi, Mughal Empire, now India)

During the Eid celebration, Muslims greet each other by saying 'Eid Mubarak', which is Arabic for "Blessed Eid". As it comes after a month of fasting, sweet dishes and foods are often prepared and consumed during the celebration. Muslims typically decorate their homes, and are also encouraged to forgive each other and seek forgiveness. In countries with large Muslim populations, it is normally a public holiday with most schools and businesses closed for the day. Practices differ by country and region.^[24]

Practices and culture by country

West Asia

Arab States of the Persian Gulf

In the United Arab Emirates and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf countries like Qatar, men would typically buy new Kandora (traditional white long robe) or dye their existing Kandoras with walnut oil. Women would wear special clothes for the occasion along with special perfumes and braids. Most majlises would offer fruits, dates, tea or coffee to visitors. Those who live in rural areas tend to celebrate more modestly.^[25] Buildings, shops, roads and houses in UAE cities get decorated in bright festive lights.^[26] Many shows such as theatres would also occur.^[27] Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Eid_al-Fitr
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