Global Peace Index (GPI) is a report produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) which measures the relative position of nations' and regions' peacefulness.^[2] The GPI ranks 163 independent states and territories (collectively accounting for 99.7 per cent of the world's population) according to their levels of peacefulness. In the past decade, the GPI has presented trends of increased global violence and less peacefulness.^[3]

The GPI is developed in consultation with an international panel of peace experts from peace institutes and think tanks with data collected and collated by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The Index was first launched in May 2009, with subsequent reports being released annually. In 2015 it ranked 165 countries, up from 121 in 2007. The study was conceived by Australian technology entrepreneur Steve Killelea, and is endorsed by individuals such as former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the Dalai Lama, archbishop Desmond Tutu, former President of Finland and 2008 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, economist Jeffrey Sachs, former president of Ireland Mary Robinson, former Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Jan Eliasson and former United States president Jimmy Carter.^{[citation needed]} The updated index is released each year at events in London, Washington, DC, and at the United Nations Secretariat in New York.

The 2023 GPI indicates Iceland, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, and Austria to be the most peaceful countries, and Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, South Sudan, and Democratic Republic of the Congo to be the least peaceful.^[4] The key findings of the 2023 GPI include a less peaceful world over the last 15 years, a 5 per cent deterioration in the global level of peace over the last 15 years and a growing inequality in peace between the most and least peaceful countries.

The main findings of the 2023 Global Peace Index are:^[4]

• The overall score for the 2023 GPI deteriorated this year due to a reduction in six of the nine geographical regions represented. However, more countries improved their levels of peacefulness than deteriorated: 84 compared to 79.
• The total number of conflict-related deaths increased by 96 per cent.
• The global economic cost of violence was $17.5 trillion PPP in 2022, equivalent to 12.9 per cent of global GDP, or $2,200 per person.
• Last year saw a shift in the global distribution of violence. Major conflicts in the MENA region and South Asia declined, while conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and Asia-Pacific intensified.

International panel^{[needs update]}needs update">edit

The international panel for the 2016 and 2017 GPI consisted of:^{[citation needed]}

• Kevin P. Clements, Foundation Chair of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director, National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Otago, New Zealand
• Sabina Alkire, Director, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
• Ian Anthony, Research Coordinator and Director of the Programme on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-proliferation, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden
• Isabelle Arrandon, Director of Research and Deputy Director of Communications & Outreach, International Crisis Group, Belgium
• Manuela Mesa, Director, Centre for Education and Peace Research (CEIPAZ) and President, Spanish Association for Peace Research (AIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
• Nick Grono, CEO, The Freedom Fund, United Kingdom
• Ekaterina Stepanova, Head, Unit on Peace and Conflict Studies, Institute of the World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Methodologyedit

In assessing peacefulness, the GPI investigates the extent to which countries are involved in ongoing domestic and international conflicts and seeks to evaluate the level of harmony or discord within a nation. Ten indicators broadly assess what might be described as safety and security in society. Their assertion is that low crime rates, minimal incidences of terrorist acts and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighbouring countries, a stable political scene, and a small proportion of the population being internally displaced or refugees can be suggestive of peacefulness.

In 2017, 23 indicators were used to establish peacefulness scores for each country. The indicators were originally selected with the assistance of an expert panel in 2007 and are reviewed by the expert panel on an annual basis. The scores for each indicator are normalized on a scale of 1–5, whereby qualitative indicators are banded into five groupings, and quantitative ones are scored from 1–5, to the third decimal point. A table of the indicators is below.^[5] In the table, UCDP stands for the Uppsala Conflict Data Program maintained by the University of Uppsala in Sweden, EIU for The Economist Intelligence Unit, UNSCT for the United Nations Survey of Criminal Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, ICPS is the International Centre for Prison Studies at King's College London, IISS for the International Institute for Strategic Studies publication The Military Balance, and SIPRI for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Arms Transfers Database.

	Indicator	Source	Coding
1	Number and duration of internal conflicts[a]	UCDP, IEP	Total number
2	Number of deaths from external organized conflict	UCDP Armed Conflict Dataset	Total number
3	Number of deaths from internal organized conflict	International Institute for Strategic Studies, Armed Conflict Database	Total number
4	Number, duration, and role in external conflicts	UCDP Battle-related Deaths Dataset, IEP	Total number
5	Intensity of organized internal conflict	EIU	Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
6	Relations with neighbouring countries	EIU	Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
7	Level of perceived criminality in society	EIU	Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
8	Number of refugees and displaced persons as percentage of population	UNHCR and IDMC	Refugee population by country or territory of origin, plus the number of a country's internally displaced people (IDP's) as a percentage of the country's total population
9	Political instability	EIU	Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
10	Impact of terrorism	Global Terrorism Index (IEP)	Quantitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
11	Political terror	Amnesty International and US State Department	Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
12	Number of homicides per 100,000 people	UNODC Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (CTS); EIU estimates	Total number
13	Level of violent crime	EIU	Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
14	Likelihood of violent demonstrations	EIU	Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
15	Number of jailed persons per 100,000 people	World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research at Birkbeck, University of London	Total number
16	Number of internal security officers and police per 100,000 people	UNODC CTS; EIU estimates	Total number; Civil police force distinct from national guards or local militia[b]
17	Military expenditure as a percentage of GDP	The Military Balance and IISS	Cash outlays of central or federal government to meet costs of national armed forces, as a percentage of GDP, scores from 1 to 5 based on percentages[c]
18	Number of armed-services personnel per 100,000	The Military Balance and IISS	All full-time active armed-services personnel
19	Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as recipient (imports) per 100,000 people	SIPRI Arms Transfers Database	Imports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people[d]
20	Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as supplier (exports) per 100,000 people	SIPRI Arms Transfers Database	Exports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people
21	Financial contribution to UN peacekeeping missions	United Nations Committee on Contributions and IEP	Percentage of countries' "outstanding payments versus their annual assessment to the budget of the current peacekeeping missions" over an average of three years, scored from 1–5 scale based on percentage of promised contributions met
22	Nuclear and heavy weapons capability	The Military Balance, IISS, SIPRI, UN Register of Conventional Arms and IEP	1–5 scale based on accumulated points; 1 point per armoured vehicle and artillery pieces, 5 points per tank, 20 points per combat aircraft, 100 points per warship, 1000 points for aircraft carrier and nuclear submarine[e]
23	Ease of access to small arms and light weapons	EIU	Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

Indicators not already ranked on a 1 to 5 scale were converted by using the following formula: x = x - min(x) / max(x) - min(x), where max(x) and min(x) are the highest and lowest values for that indicator of the countries ranked in the index. The 0 to 1 scores that resulted were then converted to the 1 to 5 scale. Individual indicators were then weighted according to the expert panel's judgment of their importance. The scores were then tabulated into two weighted sub-indices: internal peace, weighted at 60% of a country's final score, and external peace, weighted at 40% of a country's final score. "Negative Peace", defined as the absence of violence or of the fear of violence, is used as the definition of peace to create the Global Peace Index. An additional aim of the GPI database is to facilitate deeper study of the concept of positive peace, or those attitudes, institutions, and structures that drive peacefulness in society. The GPI also examines relationships between peace and reliable international measures, including democracy and transparency, education and material well-being. As such, it seeks to understand the relative importance of a range of potential determinants, or "drivers", which may influence the nurturing of peaceful societies, both internally and externally.^[6]

Statistical analysis is applied to GPI data to uncover specific conditions conducive of peace. Researchers have determined that Positive Peace, which includes the attitudes, institutions, and structures that pre-empt conflict and facilitate functional societies, is the main driver of peace. The eight pillars of positive peace are well-functioning government, sound business environment, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbours, free flow of information, high levels of human capital, low levels of corruption, and equitable distribution of resources. Well-functioning government, low levels of corruption, acceptance of the rights of others, and good relations with neighbours are more important in countries suffering from high levels of violence. Free flow of information and sound business environment become more important when a country is approaching the global average level of peacefulness, also described as the Mid-Peace level. Low levels of corruption is the only Pillar that is strongly significant across all three levels of peacefulness. This suggests it is an important transformational factor at all stages of a nation's development.

Global Peace Index rankingedit

Legend

•   Very high impact
•   High impact
•   Medium impact
•   Low impact
•   Very low impact

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Vision_of_Humanity
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2023 Global Peace Index Ranking^[7]

Rank	Country	Score	Change
1	Iceland	1.124
2	Denmark	1.310	1
3	Ireland	1.312	1
4	New Zealand	1.313	2
5	Austria	1.316	1
6	Singapore	1.332	4
7	Portugal	1.333	1
8	Slovenia	1.334	4
9	Japan	1.336
10	Switzerland	1.339	1
11	Canada	1.350	2
12	Czechia	1.379	5
13	Finland	1.399	3
14	Croatia	1.450	1
15	Germany	1.456	2
16	Netherlands	1.490	5
17	Bhutan	1.496	5
18	Hungary	1.508	4
19	Malaysia	1.513
20	Belgium	1.523	4
21	Qatar	1.524	1
22	Australia	1.525	4
23	Mauritius	1.546	5
24	Norway	1.550	6
25	Estonia	1.563	1
26	Slovakia	1.578	6
27	Latvia	1.582	3
28	Sweden	1.625	1
29	Poland	1.634	6
30	Bulgaria	1.643	5
31	Romania	1.649	4
32	Spain	1.649
33	Taiwan	1.649	2
34	Italy	1.662	2
35	Kuwait	1.669	3
36	Lithuania	1.671	2
37	United Kingdom	1.693	1
38	North Macedonia	1.713	1
39	Costa Rica	1.731	2
40	Albania	1.745
41	Vietnam	1.745	4
42	Botswana	1.762	6
43	South Korea	1.763	6
44	Mongolia	1.765	5
45	Montenegro	1.772	5
46	Laos	1.779	3
47	Sierra Leone	1.792
48	Oman	1.794	18
49	Timor Leste	1.796	3
50	Uruguay	1.798	5
51	Ghana	1.799	8
52	Senegal	1.827	4
53	Indonesia	1.829	12
54	Argentina	1.837	10
55	Madagascar	1.846
56	Namibia	1.859