This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page.

Shortcuts MOS:NUM WP:MOSNUM

This page guides the presentation of numbers, dates, times, measurements, currencies, coordinates, and similar items in articles. The aim is to promote clarity, cohesion, and consistency, and to make the encyclopedia easier and more intuitive to use. For numbers, dates, and similar items in Wikipedia article titles, see the "Naming conventions (numbers and dates)" guideline.

Where this manual gives options, maintain consistency within an article unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. The Arbitration Committee has ruled that editors should not change an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a substantial reason unrelated to mere choice of style; revert-warring over optional styles is unacceptable. If discussion fails to resolve the question of which style to use in an article, defer to the style used by the first major contributor.

Quotations, titles, etc.

Quotations, titles of books and articles, and similar "imported" text should be faithfully reproduced, even if they use formats or units inconsistent with these guidelines or with other formats in the same article. If necessary, clarify via , article text, or footnotes.

Non-breaking spaces

Guidance on the use of non-breaking spaces ("hard spaces") is given in some sections below, but not all situations in which hard spaces ({{nbsp}} or  ) or {{nowrap}} may be appropriate are described. For further information see Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Non-breaking spaces and Wikipedia:Line-break handling.

Statements likely to become outdated

Except on pages that are inherently time-sensitive and updated regularly (e.g. the "Current events" portal), terms such as now, today, currently, present, to date, so far, soon, upcoming, ongoing, and recently should usually be avoided in favor of phrases such as during the 2010s, since 2010, and in August 2020. Wording can usually be modified to remove the "now" perspective: not she is the current director but she became director on 1 January 2024; not 2010–present but beginning in 2010 or since 2010. Terms likely to go out of date include best known for, holds the record for, etc. For current and future events, use phrases such as as of April 2024 or since the beginning of 2024 to signal the time-dependence of the information; use the template {{as of}} (or {{updated}}) in conjunction. Relative-time expressions are acceptable for very long periods, such as geological epochs: Humans diverged from other primates long ago, but only recently developed state legislatures.

Dates, months, and years

• These requirements do not apply to dates in quotations or titles; see Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Quotations.
• Special rules apply to citations; see Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation style.
• See also Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines.

Formats

• Dates, years, and other chronological items should be linked only when they are relevant to the subject and likely to be useful to a reader; this rule does not apply to articles that are explicitly on a chronological item, e.g. 2002, 19th century (as discussed at Wikipedia:Linking § Chronological items).
• For issues related to dates in sortable tables, see Help:Sortable tables § Configuring the sorting and Help:Sortable tables § Date sorting problems, or consider using {{dts|Nov 1, 2008}}.
• Phrases such as Fourth of July (or July Fourth, but not July 4th), Cinco de Mayo, Seventh of March Speech, and Sete de Setembro are proper names, to which rules for dates do not apply (A typical Fourth of July celebration includes fireworks).

Unacceptable date formats (except in external titles and quotes)

Unacceptable	Corrected	Comments
Sep. 2	Sep 2	Do not add a full stop (period) to an abbreviated month or to the day-of-month.
9. June	9 June or June 9
9 june june 9		Months should be capitalized.
9th June June 9th the 9th of June		Do not use ordinals (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.).
09-06 06-09		Do not use these formats.
09 June June 09		Do not zero-pad day ...
2007-4-15	2007-04-15	... except in all-numeric (yyyy-mm-dd) format, where both month and day should be zero-padded to two digits.
2007/04/15		Do not use separators other than hyphens.
20070415		Do not omit the hyphens.
07-04-15		Do not abbreviate year to two digits.
15-04-2007 04-15-2007 2007-15-04		Do not use dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy or yyyy-dd-mm formats.
2007 April 15 2007 Apr 15		Do not use these formats.
7/2001 7-2001 07-2001 2001-07 2001 July July of 2001	July 2001	Do not use these formats.
July, 2001		No comma between month and year.
3 July, 2001	3 July 2001
July 3 2001	July 3, 2001	Comma required between day and year.
the '97 elections the 97 elections	the 1997 elections	Do not abbreviate year.
Copyright MMII	Copyright 2002	Roman numerals are not normally used for dates.
Two thousand one	2001	Years and days of the month are not normally written in words.
the first of May May the first	1 May or May 1
June 0622	June 622	Do not zero-pad years.
June 2,015	June 2015	Do not add a comma to a four-digit year.
sold in the year 1995	sold in 1995	Write "the year" only where needed for clarity (About 200 ships arrived in the year 300).

Consistency

Strong national ties to a topic

For any given article, the choice of date format and the choice of national variety of English (see Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Strong national ties to a topic) are independent issues.

• Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. For the United States this is (for example) July 4, 1976; for most other English-speaking countries it is 4 July 1976.
• Articles related to Canada may use either format with (as always) consistency within each article. (see Retaining existing format)
• Shortcut

  • MOS:MILFORMAT
  In topics where a date format that differs from the usual national one is in customary usage, that format should be used for related articles: for example, articles on the modern US military, including biographical articles related to the modern US military, should use day-before-month, in accordance with US military usage.

Retaining existing format

• If an article has evolved using predominantly one date format, this format should be used throughout the article, unless there are reasons for changing it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.
• The date format chosen in the first major contribution in the early stages of an article (i.e., the first non-stub version) should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.
• Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".

Era styleedit

• The default calendar eras are Anno Domini (BC and AD) and Common Era (BCE and CE). Either convention may be appropriate for use in Wikipedia articles depending on the article context. Apply Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Retaining existing styles with regard to changes from one era to the other.
  • Use either the BC–AD or the BCE–CE notation consistently within the same article. Exception: do not change direct quotations, titles, etc.
  • An article's established era style should not be changed without reasons specific to its content; seek consensus on the talk page first (applying Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Retaining existing styles) by opening a discussion under a heading using the word era, or another similarly expressive heading, and briefly stating why the style should be changed.
  • BCE and CE or BC and AD are written in upper case, unspaced, without a full stop (period), and separated from the numeric year by a space (5 BC, not 5BC). It is advisable to use a non-breaking space.
  • AD appears before or after a year (AD 106, 106 AD); the other abbreviations appear only after (106 CE, 3700 BCE, 3700 BC).
  • In general, omit CE or AD, except to avoid ambiguity or awkwardness.
    • Typically, write The Norman Conquest took place in 1066 not 1066 CE or AD 1066.
    • But Plotinus lived at the end of the 3rd century AD (not simply at the end of the 3rd century) may avoid confusion unless the era is clear from context.
    • One- and two-digit years may look more natural with an era marker (born in 2 AD or born January 15, 22 CE, not born in 2 nor January 15, 22).
    • Ranges beginning in BC/BCE should specify the ending era: write 450 to 200 BCE or 450 BC to 200 BC or 450 BCE to 200 CE, but not 450 BCE to 200. (see Ranges)
• Uncalibrated (BCE) radiocarbon dates: Calibrated and uncalibrated dates can diverge widely, and some sources distinguish the two only via BCE or BC (for calibrated dates) versus bce or bc (uncalibrated). When feasible, avoid uncalibrated dates except in direct quotations, and even then ideally give the calibrated date in a footnote or square-bracketed note – 3250 BCE calibrated, or at least indicate the date type – uncalibrated. This also applies to other dating systems in which a calibration distinction is drawn.
• BP or YBP: In scientific and academic contexts, BP (Before Present) or YBP (years Before Present) are often used. (Present in this context by convention refers to January 1, 1950.) Write 3000 years BP or 3000 YBP or 3000 years before present but not forms such as 3000 before present and 3000 years before the present. If one of the abbreviated forms is used, link to Before Present on first use: The Jones artifact was dated to 4000 YBP, the Smith artifact to 5000 YBP.
• Other era systems may be appropriate in an article. In such cases, dates should be followed by a conversion to Anno Domini or Common Era, and the first instance linked: Qasr-al-Khalifa was built in 221 AH (836 CE), or in 836 AD (221 AH).
  • Astronomical year numbering is similar to the Common Era. There is no need to follow a year expressed with astronomical year numbering with a conversion to Common Era. The first instance of a non-positive year should still be linked: The March equinox passed into Pisces in year −67. (The expressions −67 and 68 BCE refer to the same year.)

Julian and Gregorian calendarsedit

A date can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as it is (at the minimum) given in the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar or both, as described below. For example, an article on the early history of Islam may give dates in both Islamic and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, the article must make this clear.

• Current events are dated using the Gregorian calendar.
• Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar at that time are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the Continent of Europe from 1582, the British Empire from 14 September 1752, and Russia from 14 February 1918 (see Adoption of the Gregorian calendar).
• Dates before 15 October 1582 (when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in some places) are normally given in the Julian calendar.
• Dates after 4 October 1582 in a place where the Julian calendar was observed should be given in the Julian calendar.
• For either the Julian or Gregorian calendars, the beginning of the year should be treated as 1 January even if a different start-of-year date was observed in the place being discussed.
• Dates for Roman history before 45 BC are given in the Roman calendar, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.
• For dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history, Julian or Gregorian equivalents are often uncertain. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.

The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources (or if reliable sources disagree, that used most commonly, with an explanatory footnote). The guidance above is in line with the usage of reliable sources such as American National Biography,¹ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and Encyclopædia Britannica.ⁱ

Where it's not obvious that a given date should be given in Julian alone or in Gregorian alone, consider giving both styles, for example by using {{OldStyleDate}}. If a date appears without being specified as Old Style or New Style, tagging that date with {{which calendar?}} will add the page to Category:Articles containing ambiguous dates for further attention.

If an article contains Julian calendar dates after 4 October 1582 (as in the October Revolution), or if a start-of-year date other than 1 January was in force in the place being discussed, or both, a footnote should be provided on the first usage, explaining the calendar usage adopted for the article. The calendar usage should be compatible with this guideline. Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers
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