Vatican Diplomatic Corps

The Holy See has long been recognised as a subject of international law and as an active participant in international relations. One observer has stated that its interaction with the world has, in the period since World War II, been at its highest level ever.^[1] It is distinct from the city-state of the Vatican City, over which the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction".^[2]

The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State (headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State), through the Section for Relations with States.

Whilst not a member of the United Nations in its own right, the Holy See recognizes all UN member states, except for the People's Republic of China (as the Holy See only recognizes the Republic of China) and North Korea (as the Holy See only has relations with South Korea). The Holy See also recognizes the State of Palestine,^[3]^[4] the only other non-UN member it recognizes besides Taiwan (ROC).

The term "Vatican Diplomatic Corps", by contrast with the diplomatic service of the Holy See, properly refers to all those diplomats accredited to the Holy See, not those who represent its interests to other nations and international bodies. Since 1961, Vatican diplomats also enjoy diplomatic immunity.^[5]

History

Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity. Earlier, there were papal representatives (apocrisiarii) to the Emperors of Constantinople, beginning in 453, but they were not thought of as ambassadors.^[6]^: 64 In the eleventh century the sending of papal representatives to princes, on a temporary or permanent mission, became frequent.^[6]^: 65 In the fifteenth century it became customary for states to accredit permanent resident ambassadors to the Pope in Rome.^[6]^: 68 The first permanent papal nunciature was established in 1500 in Venice. Their number grew in the course of the sixteenth century to thirteen, while internuncios (representatives of second rank) were sent to less-powerful states.^[6]^: 70 After enjoying a brilliant period in the first half of the seventeenth century, papal diplomacy declined after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, being assailed especially by royalists and Gallicans, and the number of functioning nuncios was reduced to two in the time of Napoleon, although in the same period, in 1805, Prussia became the first Protestant state to send an ambassador to Rome. There was a revival after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which, while laying down that, in general, the order of precedence between ambassadors would be determined by the date of their arrival, allowed special precedence to be given to the nuncio, by which he would always be the dean of the diplomatic corps.^[7]

In spite of the extinction of the Papal States in 1870, and the consequent loss of territorial sovereignty, and in spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary.^[8] Countries continued to receive nuncios as diplomatic representatives of full rank, and where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors.^[8]

With the First World War and its aftermath the number of states with diplomatic relations with the Holy See increased. For the first time since relations were broken between the Pope and Queen Elizabeth I of England, a British diplomatic mission to the Holy See was opened in 1914.^[9] The result was that, instead of diminishing, the number of diplomats accredited to the Holy See grew from sixteen in 1870 to twenty-seven in 1929, even before it again acquired territorial sovereignty with the founding of the State of Vatican City.^[10]

In the same period, the Holy See concluded a total of twenty-nine concordats and other agreements with states, including Austro-Hungary in 1881, Russia in 1882 and 1907, France in 1886 and 1923.^[10] Two of these concordats were registered at the League of Nations at the request of the countries involved.^[11]

While bereft of territorial sovereignty, the Holy See also accepted requests to act as arbitrator between countries, including a dispute between Germany and Spain over the Caroline Islands.^[10]

The Lateran Treaty of 1929 and the founding of the Vatican City State was not followed by any great immediate increase in the number of states with which the Holy See had official relations. This came later, especially after the Second World War.

The Vienna Convention of April 18, 1961 also established diplomatic immunity for the Vatican's foreign diplomats.^[5] Such immunity can only be revoked by the Holy See.^[5]

Diplomatic relations

List of 184 countries which the Holy See maintains diplomatic relations with:


#	Country	Date^[12]
1	Portugal	12 February 1481^[13]
2	Switzerland	1553^[14]
3	Spain	March 1559^[15]
4	France	1600s
5	Brazil	17 July 1829^[16]
6	Belgium	17 July 1834^[17]
7	Netherlands	May 1829^[18]
8	Colombia	26 November 1835
9	Monaco	21 June 1875^[19]
15	Bolivia	6 August 1877^[20]
16	Ecuador	6 August 1877^[21]
10	Peru	10 October 1877^[22]
11	Chile	15 December 1877^[23]
12	Argentina	31 December 1877^[24]
13	Paraguay	31 December 1877^[24]
14	Uruguay	31 December 1877^[24]
17	Dominican Republic	1881
18	Haiti	1881
19	Venezuela	1881
20	Luxembourg	January 1891^[25]
21	Costa Rica	19 August 1908^[26]
22	Honduras	19 December 1908^[27]
—	Nicaragua (suspended)	19 December 1908^[28]^[29]
23	Poland	16 June 1919^[30]
24	Czech Republic	24 October 1919^[31]
25	Germany	30 June 1920 (Weimar Republic) 1 June 1954 (Federal Republic)
26	Hungary	10 August 1920^[32]^[33]
27	El Salvador	12 October 1922^[34]
28	Panama	21 September 1923^[35]
29	San Marino	April 1926
30	Romania	10 May 1927^[36]
31	Liberia	15 December 1927
32	Italy	24 June 1929
33	Ireland	27 November 1929
—	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	February 1930
34	Cuba	2 September 1935
35	Guatemala	16 March 1936
36	Japan	March 1942
37	Finland	31 July 1942^[37]
—	Republic of China	23 October 1942
38	Austria	9 August 1946
39	Lebanon	November 1946
40	Egypt	23 August 1947
41	India	12 June 1948
42	Indonesia	13 March 1950
43	Philippines	8 April 1951
44	Pakistan	6 October 1951
45	Syria	21 February 1953
46	Iran	2 May 1953
47	Ethiopia	20 March 1957
48	Turkey	25 January 1960
49	Senegal	17 November 1961
50	Burundi	11 February 1963
51	Republic of the Congo	16 February 1963 Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Vatican_Diplomatic_Corps Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. Navigácia: Veda > Analytika Antropológia Aplikované vedy Bibliometria Dejiny vedy Encyklopédie Filozofia vedy Forenzné vedy Humanitné vedy Knižničná veda Kryogenika Kryptológia Kulturológia Literárna veda Medzidisciplinárne oblasti Metódy kvantitatívnej analýzy Metavedy Metodika Metodológia vedy Náboženstvo a veda Náučná literatúra Podvody vo vede Popularizácia vedy Potravinárstvo Prírodné vedy Pseudoveda Scientometria Spoločenské vedy Teórie Teatrológia Technické vedy Technika Terminológia Umenie Výskum Veda Veda a technika podľa štátu Veda a technika podľa kontinentu Veda a technika podľa roka Veda v kozme Vedci Vedecká literatúra Vedecké databázy Vedecké experimenty Vedecké konferencie Vedecké metódy Vedecké ocenenia Vedecké organizácie Vedecké parky Vedeckí spisovatelia Vzdelávanie Záhady Príbuzné výrazy: Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. www.astronomia.sk \| www.biologia.sk \| www.botanika.sk \| www.dejiny.sk \| www.economy.sk \| www.elektrotechnika.sk \| www.estetika.sk \| www.farmakologia.sk \| www.filozofia.sk \| Fyzika \| www.futurologia.sk \| www.genetika.sk \| www.chemia.sk \| www.lingvistika.sk \| www.politologia.sk \| www.psychologia.sk \| www.sexuologia.sk \| www.sociologia.sk \| www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk

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