A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
 | |
| Categories | Gastronomy, tourism |
|---|---|
| Frequency | Yearly |
| Founder | Édouard Michelin André Michelin |
| First issue | 1900 |
| Company | Michelin |
| Country | France |
| Website | guide.michelin.com |
The Michelin Guides (French: Guide Michelin [ɡid miʃlɛ̃]) are a series of guide books that have been published by the French tyre company Michelin since 1900. The Guide awards up to three Michelin stars for excellence to a select few restaurants in certain geographic areas. The acquisition or loss of a star or stars can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant. Michelin also publishes the Green Guides, a series of general guides to cities, regions, and countries.
History
In 1900, there were fewer than 3,000 cars on the roads of France. To increase the demand for cars and, accordingly, car tyres, car tyre manufacturers and brothers Édouard and André Michelin published a guide for French motorists, the Michelin Guide.[1] Nearly 35,000 copies of this first, free edition of the guide were distributed. It provided information to motorists, such as maps, tyre repair and replacement instructions, car mechanics listings, hotels, and petrol stations throughout France.
In 1904, the brothers published a guide for Belgium similar to the Michelin Guide.[2] Michelin subsequently introduced guides for Algeria and Tunisia (1907); the Alps and the Rhine (northern Italy, Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Netherlands) (1908); Germany, Spain, and Portugal (1910); the British Isles (1911); and "The Countries of the Sun" (Les Pays du Soleil) (Northern Africa, Southern Italy and Corsica) (1911). In 1909, an English-language version of the guide to France was published.[3]
During World War I, publication of the guide was suspended. After the war, revised editions of the guide continued to be given away until 1920. It is said that André Michelin, whilst visiting a tyre merchant, noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench. Based on the principle that "man only truly respects what he pays for", Michelin decided to charge a price for the guide, which was about 7.50 francs or US$2.15 in 1922.[4] They also made several changes, notably listing restaurants by specific categories, adding hotel listings (initially only for Paris), and removing advertisements in the guide.[2] Recognizing the growing popularity of the restaurant section of the guide, the brothers recruited a team of inspectors, who were always anonymous, to visit and review restaurants.[5]
Following the usage of the Murray's and Baedeker guides, the guide began to award stars for fine dining establishments in 1926. Initially, there was only a single star awarded. Then, in 1931, the hierarchy of zero, one, two, and three stars was introduced. Finally, in 1936, the criteria for the rankings were published:[2]
: "A very good restaurant in its category" (Une très bonne table dans sa catégorie)
: "Excellent cooking, worth a detour" (Table excellente, mérite un détour)
: "Exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey" (Une des meilleures tables, vaut le voyage).[5]
In 1931 the cover of the guide was changed from blue to red and has remained so in all subsequent editions.[5] During World War II, publication was again suspended. In 1944, at the request of the Allied Forces, the 1939 guide to France was specially reprinted for military use; its maps were judged the best and most up-to-date available. Publication of the annual guide resumed on 16 May 1945, a week after VE Day.[2]
In the early post-war years, the lingering effects of wartime shortages led Michelin to impose an upper limit of two stars; by 1950 the French edition listed 38 establishments judged to meet this standard.[6] The first Michelin Guide for Italy was published in 1956. It awarded no stars in the first edition. In 1974, the first guide to Britain since 1931 was published. Twenty-five stars were awarded.[7]
In 2005, Michelin published its first American guide, covering 500 restaurants in the five boroughs of New York City and 50 hotels in Manhattan. In 2007, a Tokyo Michelin Guide was launched. In the same year, the guide introduced a magazine, Étoile. In 2008, a Hong Kong and Macau volume was added.[2] As of 2013, the guide is published in 14 editions covering 23 countries.[2]
In 2008, German restaurateur Juliane Caspar was appointed the first woman and first non-French national editor-in-chief of the French edition of the guide. She had previously been responsible for the Michelin guides to Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The German newspaper Die Welt commented on the appointment, "In view of the fact German cuisine is regarded as a lethal weapon in most parts of France, this decision is like Mercedes announcing that its new director of product development is a Martian."[8][9]
Some South Korean government officials were unhappy about the accuracy of the 2016 edition's coverage of the country, which was added in return for 3.2 billion won (over US$1 million) from the Korea Tourism Organization.[10] The Tourism Authority of Thailand paid $4.4 million over five years, starting in 2017, for the inclusion of that country.[11]
In 2022 the guide expanded to Canada, covering Toronto and Vancouver[12][13] in return for payment.[14]
The guide announced its first list of restaurants in the US state of Florida on 9 June 2022, after the state and city tourism boards in Miami, Orlando, and Tampa, agreed to collectively pay the company up to $1.5 million.[15][16] The guide awarded a single two-star ranking and fourteen one-star rankings, and 29 Bib Gourmands.[17][18]
In late 2022 the guide expanded to Vietnam, and for unspecified payments to Malaysia, Estonia, and the United Arab Emirates.[14] In 2023, the Michelin Guide expanded to Atlanta, with a payment of $1 million over three years.[19][20] Also in 2023, the guide expanded to several cities in Colorado (Aspen, Beaver Creek Resort, Boulder, Denver, Snowmass Village, and Vail) that paid between $70,000 and $100,000 on top of a state contribution; other cities (Aurora, Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, and Grand Junction) declined to participate.[21][22]
Israel announced in 2023 it would try to get the Michelin guide for a €1.5 million.[23]
Methods and layout
Red Guides have historically listed many more restaurants than rival guides, relying on an extensive system of symbols to describe each one in as little as two lines. Reviews of starred restaurants also include two to three culinary specialties. Short summaries (2–3 lines) were added in 2002/2003 to enhance descriptions of many establishments. These summaries are written in the language of the country for which the guide is published (though the Spain and Portugal volume is in Spanish only) but the symbols are the same throughout all editions.[24]
Stars
Michelin inspectors (reviewers) visit restaurants anonymously, and they award one, two, or three stars for those considered at least very good:
- : "High-quality cooking, worth a stop" (Cuisine de qualité, mérite une halte)
- : "Excellent cooking, worth a detour" (Cuisine excellente, mérite un détour)
- : "Exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey" (Une des meilleures cuisine, vaut le voyage).[5]
Inspectors' meals and expenses are paid for by Michelin, never by a restaurant being reviewed:
Michelin has gone to extraordinary lengths to maintain the anonymity of its inspectors. Many of the company's top executives have never met an inspector; inspectors themselves are advised not to disclose their line of work, even to their parents (who might be tempted to boast about it); and, in all the years that it has been putting out the guide, Michelin has refused to allow its inspectors to speak to journalists. The inspectors write reports that are distilled, in annual "stars meetings" at the guide's various national offices, into the ranking of three stars, two stars, or one star—or no stars (establishments that Michelin deems unworthy of a visit are not included in the guide).[25]
The French chef Paul Bocuse, one of the pioneers of nouvelle cuisine in the 1960s, said, "Michelin is the only guide that counts."[26] In France, when the guide is published each year, it sparks a media frenzy which has been compared to that for annual Academy Awards for films.[25] Media and others debate likely winners, speculation is rife, and TV and newspapers discuss which restaurant might lose and which might gain a Michelin star.[27][28][29][30]
The Michelin Guide also awards "Rising Stars", an indication that a restaurant has the potential to qualify for a star, or an additional star.
Green stars
In 2020, the Michelin Guide launched a sustainability emblem to symbolise excellence in sustainable gastronomy.[31] An establishment awarded this green star is given space on the Guide's website for the chef to describe the restaurant's vision.[31]
Bib Gourmand
Since 1997,[32] the guide has also highlighted restaurants offering "exceptionally good food at moderate prices", a feature now called "Bib Gourmand". They must offer menu items priced below a maximum determined by local economic standards. Bib (Bibendum) is the company's nickname for the Michelin Man, its corporate logo for over a century.
-
A meal from a Michelin-rated restaurant in Helsinki, Finland -
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Geneva, Switzerland -
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Tokyo, Japan -
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Los Angeles, United States
The Plate
In 2016, a new symbol, the Plate, was added to recognize restaurants that "simply serve good food".[33]
Keys, for hotels
Michelin plans on awarding "keys" to hotels starting in 2024. Michelin states that the key award will "distinguish exceptional establishments led by teams with unique forms of knowledge" and that awards will be given after stays conducted anonymously by Michelin Guide selection teams.[34][35]
Guides
Countries / Regions
Note: the information below is based on the number listed on Michelin Guide official website, up to April 23, 2024.
| Country/Region | Year. |  3 Star
|
 2 Star
|
 1 Star
|
Bib Gourmand | Selected Restaurant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abu Dhabi | 2024[36] | 0 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 35 |
| Argentina | 2024[37] | 0 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 57 |
| Austria | 2024[38] | 1 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 51 |
| Belgium | 2024[39] | 2 | 22 | 119 | 127 | 471 |
| Brazil | 2024[40] | 0 | 4 | 11 | 35 | 94 |
| Canada | 2024[41] | 0 | 1 | 25 | 38 | 101 |
| China Mainland | 2024[42] | 0 | 15 | 101 | 120 | 247 |
| Croatia | 2024[43] | 0 | 0 | 10 | 15 | 65 |
| Czech Republic | 2024[44] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 19 |
| Denmark | 2024[45] | 2 | 9 | 21 | 15 | 52 |
| Dubai | 2024[46] | 0 | 3 | 11 | 17 | 56 |
| Spain (España) | 2024[47] | 15 | 32 | 222 | 228 | 774 |
| Estonia | 2024[48] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 26 |
| Finland | 2024[49] | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 16 |
| France | 2024[50] | 30 | 75 | 534 | 385 | 1904 |
| Germany | 2024[51] | 0 | 0 | 279 | 199 | 725 |
| Greece | 2024[52] | 0 | 0 | 11 | 5 | 14 |
| Hong Kong | 2024[53] | 7 | 12 | 60 | 66 | 68 |
| Hungary | 2024[54] | 0 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 57 |
| Iceland | 2024[55] | 0 | 5 | 17 | 19 | 69 |
| Italy (Italia) | 2024[56] | 13 | 40 | 336 | 254 | 1355 |
| Japan | 2024[57] | 22 | 78 | 436 | 336 | 747 |
| Latvia | 2024[58] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 22 |
| Luxembourg | 2024[59] | 0 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 40 |
| Macau | 2024[60] | 2 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 22 |
| Malaysia | 2024[61] | 0 | 1 | 5 | 53 | 79 |
| Malta | 2024[62] | 0 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 30 |
| Netherlands | 2024[63] | 1 | 20 | 99 | 97 | 285 |
| Norway | 2024[64] | 1 | 1 | 15 | 2 | 25 |
| Poland | 2024[65] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 39 |
| Portugal | 2024[66] | 0 | 8 | 33 | 31 | 97 |
| Republic of Ireland | 2024[67] | 0 | 5 | 14 | 19 | 65 |
| South Korea | 2024[68] | 1 | 9 | 26 | 72 | 111 |
| Serbia | 2024[69] | 0 | 0 | 1
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