A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2015) |
Host city | Kobe, Japan |
---|---|
Nations | 106 |
Athletes | 2,783 |
Events | 119 in 11 sports |
Opening | August 24, 1985 |
Closing | September 4, 1985 |
Opened by | Crown Prince Akihito |
Main venue | Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium |
The 1985 Summer Universiade, also known as the XIII Summer Universiade, took place in Kobe, Japan.
Mascot
The mascot of the Kobe Universiade, "Unitan", designed by Osamu Tezuka, is a red-crested white crane, symbolic of Japan and a good omen. The name was chosen from some 8,000 suggestions received from throughout the country. The name is derived from a combination of 'uni' from 'Universiade' and 'tan' from the Japanese name for red-crested crane, namely 'tancho-tsuru'.
Gender test
The sex chromatin test was used at these games to decide on participants' gender; Spanish hurdler Maria José Martínez-Patiño was declared a man and thus ruled ineligible for the women's events.[1][2][3] In agreement with officials who suggested she fake an injury so she could withdraw without publicity, she complied. She later fought, successfully, to have that diagnosis reversed.[4]
Sports
- Athletics ( )
- Basketball ( )
- Diving ( )
- Fencing ( )
- Football ( )
- Gymnastics ( )
- Judo ( )
- Swimming ( )
- Tennis ( )
- Volleyball ( )
- Water polo ( )
Medal table
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 41 | 22 | 17 | 80 |
2 | United States (USA) | 25 | 21 | 23 | 69 |
3 | Cuba (CUB) | 8 | 8 | 5 | 21 |
4 | China (CHN) | 6 | 7 | 6 | 19 |
5 | Romania (ROM) | 5 | 10 | 6 | 21 |
6 | Japan (JPN)* | 5 | 3 | 7 | 15 |
7 | Italy (ITA) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 15 |
8 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 14 |
9 | North Korea (PRK) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |
10 | Netherlands (NED) | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
11 | Poland (POL) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
12 | South Korea (KOR) | 3 | 0 | 4 | 7 |
13 | West Germany (FRG) | 2 | 4 | 9 | 15 |
14 | Australia (AUS) | 2 | 4 | 2 | 8 |
15 | Nigeria (NGR) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
16 | Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
17 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
18 | Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
19 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Jamaica (JAM) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
21 | Canada (CAN) | 0 | 6 | 7 | 13 |
22 | France (FRA) | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
23 | Yugoslavia (YUG) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
24 | Mexico (MEX) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Portugal (POR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Uruguay (URU) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
28 | Ivory Coast (CIV) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Morocco (MAR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Puerto Rico (PUR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Totals (30 entries) | 121 | 119 | 125 | 365 |
References
- ^ Ruth Padawer (June 28, 2016). "The Humiliating Practice of Sex-Testing Female Athletes". The New York Times.
- ^ Ljungqvist, A. (2008-04-15). "Gender Verification". In Barbara L. Drinkwater (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication, Women in Sport. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 183–93. ISBN 9780470756850. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- ^ Schultz, Jaime (2014). Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport. U of Illinois P. pp. 111–12. ISBN 9780252095962.
- ^ Cole, Cheryl L. (2000). "One Chromosome Too Many?". In Kay Schaffer (ed.). The Olympics at the Millennium: Power, Politics, and the Games. Sidonie Smith. Rutgers UP. pp. 128–46. ISBN 9780813528205. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.
Antropológia
Aplikované vedy
Bibliometria
Dejiny vedy
Encyklopédie
Filozofia vedy
Forenzné vedy
Humanitné vedy
Knižničná veda
Kryogenika
Kryptológia
Kulturológia
Literárna veda
Medzidisciplinárne oblasti
Metódy kvantitatívnej analýzy
Metavedy
Metodika
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative
Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších
podmienok.
Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky
použitia.
www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk