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Papal appointment was a medieval method of selecting the Pope. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers; however, Papal selection before 1059 was often characterized by confirmation or nomination by secular European rulers or by the preceding pope.[1] The later procedures of the Papal conclave are in large part designed to prohibit interference of secular rulers, which to some extent characterized the first millennium of the Roman Catholic Church, e. g. in practices such as the creation of crown-cardinals and the claimed but invalid jus exclusivae. Appointment may have taken several forms, with a variety of roles for the laity and civic leaders, Byzantine and Germanic emperors, and noble Roman families.[2] The role of the election vis-a-vis the general population and the clergy was prone to vary considerably, with a nomination carrying weight that ranged from nearly determinative to merely suggestive, or as ratification of a concluded election.
The practice originated in late antiquity, where on many occasions the Roman Emperor stepped in to resolve disputes over the legitimacy of Papal contenders. An important precedent from this period is an edict of Emperor Honorius, issued after a synod he convoked to depose Antipope Eulalius. The practice passed to, and grew with, the King of the Ostrogoths, and then the Byzantine Emperor (or his delegate, the Exarch of Ravenna). After an interregnum, the Kings of the Franks and the Holy Roman Emperor (whose selection the Pope also sometimes influenced), generally assumed the role of confirming Papal elections. For a period, today known as the "saeculum obscurum", the practice passed from the Emperor to powerful Roman nobles—the Crescentii and then the Counts of Tusculum.
In many cases, the Papal coronation was delayed until the election had been confirmed. Some antipopes were similarly, putatively, appointed. The practice ended with the conclusion of the Investiture Controversy (c.f. confirmation of bishops) due largely to the efforts of Cardinal Hildebrand, the future Pope Gregory VII, who was a guiding force in the selection of his four predecessors, and the 1059 Papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II; some writers consider this practice to be an extreme form of "investiture" in and of itself.[3]
Although the practice was forbidden by the Council of Antioch (341) and the Council of Rome (465), the Bishops of Rome, as with other bishops, often exercised great control over selection of their successors, even after the sixth century.[4] In addition, most popes of the fourth to twelfth centuries were nominated or confirmed by a secular power.[4]
Ancient Rome
As to the earliest ages, St. Peter himself constituted a senate for the Roman Church, consisting of twenty-four priests and deacons. These were the councillors of the Bishop of Rome and the electors of his successors. This statement is drawn from a canon in the "Corpus Juris Canonici" (can. "Si Petrus", caus. 8, Q. 1). Historians and canonists, however, generally hold that the Roman bishopric was filled on its vacancy in the same manner as other bishoprics, that is, the election of the new pope was made by the neighbouring bishops and the clergy and faithful of Rome. Nevertheless, some maintain that the naming of the successor of St. Peter was restricted to the Roman clergy, and that the people were admitted to a part in the elections only after the time of Sylvester I (fourth century).[1]
After Constantine had given peace to the Church, the Christian Roman emperors often took part in the institution of a new pope and at times their influence was very marked. From the fourth century onwards, therefore, a new force had to be reckoned with. The occasion for the interference of the Roman emperors and later of the kings of Italy was afforded by disputed elections to the papal chair. The most noted of the earlier instance was at the election of Boniface I (418). This gave occasion to the decree (c. 8, dist. 79) that when an election was disputed a new candidate should be chosen.
Pope | Pontificate | Notes |
---|---|---|
1 Peter, Apostle, Saint | Reigned 33-67 | According to Catholic doctrine, Peter was appointed Pope when Jesus said: "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build My Church, and even the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it. Behold, I give you the keys to the kingdom of Heaven."[5] |
2 Linus, Saint | Reigned c.67-76 | elected by Church fathers following martyrdom of St. Peter |
3 Anacletus, Saint | Reigned 76-88 | aka Cletus |
4 Clement I, Saint | Reigned 88-97 | |
5 Evaristus, Saint | Reigned c.98- c.106 | Aristus in the Liberian Catalogue |
6 Alexander I, Saint | Reigned c.106-115 | |
7 Sixtus I, Saint | Reigned 115-125 XYSTUS in the oldest documents | |
8 Telesphorus, Saint | Reigned 125-136 | |
9 Hyginus, Saint | Reigned c.136-140 | |
10 Pius I, Saint | Reigned c.140-c.154 | |
11 Anicetus, Saint | Reigned c.157-168 | |
12 Soter, Saint | Reigned c.166-c.174 | |
13 Eleutherius, Saint | Reigned c.175-189 | |
14 Victor I, Saint | Reigned 189-c.198 | |
15 Zephyrinus, Saint | Reigned 198-217 | |
16 Callistus I, Saint | Reigned 218-c.222 | |
17 Urban I, Saint | Reigned 222-230 | |
18 Pontian, Saint | Reigned 230-235 | |
19 Anterus, Saint | Reigned 235-236 | aka Anteros |
20 Fabian, Saint | Reigned 236-250 | A dove flew into the crowd and settled on Fabian’s head; the gathered clergy and laity took this as a sign that Fabian had been anointed by the Holy Spirit, and he was chosen the 20th Pope by acclamation[6] |
21 Cornelius, Saint | Reigned 251-253 | |
22 Lucius I, Saint | Reigned 253-254 | |
23 Stephen I, Saint | Reigned 254-257 | |
24 Sixtus II, Saint | Reigned 257-258 | XYSTUS in the oldest documents |
25 Dionysius, Saint | Reigned 260-268 | |
26 Felix I, Saint | Reigned 269-274 | |
27 Eutychianus, Saint | Reigned 275-283 | |
28 Caius, Saint | Reigned 283-296 | |
29 Marcellinus, Saint | Reigned 296-304 | |
30 Marcellus I, Saint | Reigned 308-309 | |
31 Eusebius, Saint | Reigned 309 or 310 | |
32 Miltiades, Saint | Reigned 311-314 | |
33 Sylvester I, Saint | Reigned 314-335 | |
34 Mark, Saint | Reigned 336 aka Marcus | |
35 Julius I, Saint | Reigned 337-352 | |
36 Liberius | Reigned 352-366 | Considered a saint by the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches but not officially canonized by the Roman Catholic Church |
37 Damasus I, Saint | Reigned 366-383 | |
38 Siricius, Saint | Reigned 384-399 | |
39 Anastasius I, Saint | Reigned 399-401 | |
40 Innocent I, Saint | Reigned 401-417 | |
41 Zosimus, Saint | Reigned 417-418 | |
42 Boniface I, Saint | Reigned 418-422 | |
43 Celestine I, Saint | Reigned 422-432 | |
44 Sixtus III, Saint | Reigned 432-440 | XYSTUS in the oldest documents |
45 Leo I, Saint | Reigned 440-461 | |
46 Hilarus, Saint | Reigned 461-468 | |
47 Simplicius, Saint | Reigned 468-483 | |
48 Felix III (II), Saint | Reigned 483-492 | |
49 Gelasius I, Saint | Reigned 492-496 | |
50 Anastasius II | Reigned 496-498 | |
51 Symmachus, Saint
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