Kish civilization

According to a theory proposed by Ignace Gelb, the Kish civilization encompassed the sites of Ebla and Mari in the Levant, Nagar in the north,^[1] and the proto-Akkadian sites of Abu Salabikh and Kish in central Mesopotamia^[2]^[3]^{[better source needed]} in to the early East Semitic era in Mesopotamia and the Levant. The epoch began in the early 4th millennium BC and ended with the rise of the Akkadian empire.^[4] The theory has been discarded by more recent scholarship.^[5]

According to the theory, the East Semitic population migrated from what is now the Levant and spread into Mesopotamia,^[6] and the new population could have contributed to the collapse of the Uruk period c. 3100 BC.^[3] This early East Semitic culture was characterized by linguistic, literary and orthographic similarities extending from Ebla in the west to Abu Salabikh in the East.^[7] The personal names from the Sumerian city of Kish showed an East Semitic nature and revealed that the city population had a strong Semitic component from the dawn of recorded history,^[8] and since Gelb considered Kish to be the center of this civilization, hence the naming.^[7]

The similarities included the using of a writing system that contained non-Sumerian logograms, the use of the same system in naming the months of the year, dating by regnal years and a similar measuring system.^[7] However, each city had its own monarchical system.

While the languages of Mari and Ebla were closely related, Kish represented an independent East Semitic linguistic entity that spoke a dialect (Kishite),^[9] different from both pre-Sargonic Akkadian and the Ebla-Mari language.^[7]

References

^ Lauren Ristvet (2014). Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 9781107065215.
^ Van De Mieroop, Marc (2002). Erica Ehrenberg (ed.). In Search of Prestige: Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia. Eisenbrauns. p. 125-137 . ISBN 9781575060552. Retrieved 23 February 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b Wyatt, Lucy (2010). Approaching Chaos: Could an Ancient Archetype Save 21st Century Civilization?. O Books. p. 120. ISBN 9781846942556. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ Hasselbach (2005). p. 4.
^ Sommerfeld, Walter (2021). Vita, Juan-Pablo (ed.). The "Kish Civilization". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 1. BRILL. pp. 545–547. ISBN 9789004445215. Retrieved 23 February 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C.J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proc Biol Sci. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hasselbach, Rebecca (2005). Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 9783447051729.
^ Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780521077910.
^ Foster, Benjamin Read; Polinger Foster, Karen (2009). Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. Princeton University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0691137223.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Kish_civilization
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[1] Lauren Ristvet (2014). Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 9781107065215.

[Donald-2] Van De Mieroop, Marc (2002). Erica Ehrenberg (ed.). In Search of Prestige: Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia. Eisenbrauns. p. 125-137 . ISBN 9781575060552. Retrieved 23 February 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[lucy-3] Wyatt, Lucy (2010). Approaching Chaos: Could an Ancient Archetype Save 21st Century Civilization?. O Books. p. 120. ISBN 9781846942556. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

[Rebecca2-4] Hasselbach (2005). p. 4.

[WS-5] Sommerfeld, Walter (2021). Vita, Juan-Pablo (ed.). The "Kish Civilization". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 1. BRILL. pp. 545–547. ISBN 9789004445215. Retrieved 23 February 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[6] Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C.J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proc Biol Sci. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.

[Rebecca-7] Hasselbach, Rebecca (2005). Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 9783447051729.

[8] Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780521077910.

[9] Foster, Benjamin Read; Polinger Foster, Karen (2009). Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. Princeton University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0691137223.

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v t e Ancient states and regions in the history of the Levant
Copper Age	Kish civilization Tell Halaf Chagar Bazar Hamoukar Jericho Byblos Ebla Ugarit Urkesh
Bronze Age	Akkadian Empire Alashiya Amorite states Alalakh Amurru Andarig Apum First Babylon Third Ebla Ekallatum Emar Kurda Third Mari Mukish Palmyra Qatna Ṭābetu Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia Yamhad Amqu Barga Canaanite city-states Ascalon Arqa Arwad Azzati Beruta Gebal Gezer Hazor Jerusalem Kumidi Lakisha Megiddo Phoenicia Qadesh Shechem Sidon Tyre Dimasqu Hittite Empire Hurrians Urshu Nuhašše Mitanni Tell Hadidi Naziba Niya Ib'al confederacy Paleo-Syrian states Armi Armanum/Tall Bazi Ebla Emar Khana/Terqa Mari Nagar Tuttul Suhum ʿApiru Ahlamu Suteans Amqu ʿApiru Shasu Shutu Tadmor Tunip Ugarit Upu Nuhašše Niya
Iron Age	Achaemenid Empire Aramaean states Aram-Damascus Aram Rehob Bit-Adini Bit Agusi Bit Bahiani Geshur Hamath Sam'al Zobah Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Canaan Ammon Edom Israel (Samaria) Israel (united) Judah Moab Philistia Ashdod Ascalon Ekron Gath Gaza Phoenicia Amrit Arwad Gebal Tartus Tyre Sidon New Kingdom of Egypt Arabs Itureans? Nabataeans Qedarites Luwian-Aramaean states Carchemish Kummuh Luhuti Palistin Pattin
Classical Age	Ancient Rome (Roman Republic - Roman Empire - Byzantine Empire) Commagene Emesene Dynasty Ghassanid Kingdom Hasmonean dynasty Herodian kingdom Herodian Tetrarchy Iturea Macedonia Nabataean Kingdom Osroene Palmyrene Empire Parthian Empire Seleucid Empire Sasanian Empire Tanukhid confederacy
Sources	Amarna letters Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions

See also

References