The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region.

The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III),^[1] and was followed by Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Neo-Sumerian (2112–2004 BC) periods, after which Mesopotamia was most often divided between Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south. In 609 BC, after about a century of the kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruling both Assyria and Babylonia, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroyed Assyria and became the sole power in Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC initiated centuries of Iranian rule (under the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian empires), which was only briefly interrupted by the Hellenistic Argeads and Seleucids (331–141 BC) and the Roman Empire (AD 116–117).

This list follows the middle chronology, the most widely used chronology of Mesopotamian history.

Early dynastic period (c. 2900–2350 BC)

Before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC, Mesopotamia was fragmented into a number of city states. Whereas some surviving Mesopotamian documents, such as the Sumerian King List, describe this period as one where there was only one legitimate king at any one given time, and kingship was transferred from city to city sequentially, the historical reality was that there were often many political leaders at any one given time.^[2] The Sumerian King List is generally not regarded as historically reliable given the exaggerated reign lengths (some rulers are described as ruling for hundreds or even thousands of years) and the fact that out of the massive amount of pre-Akkadian rulers listed in the SKL, very few are actually attested in surviving evidence from the Early Dynastic period.^[3] It is considered most appropriate by modern scholars to rely solely on actual Early Dynastic sources for reconstructing historical events during the Early Dynastic period.^[4] As such, the table below only lists rulers whose existence is attested by other more contemporary sources.

Century	Kish	Uruk	Ur	Lagash	Umma	Adab
c. 2600s BC	Enmebaragesi[5]Aga of Kish Uhub Mesilim Meskiagnun[3] Elulu[3]	Gilgamesh[3][5]	A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug[6] Akalamdug[6] Mesannepada[3] A'annepada[6] Meskiagnun[3] Elulu[3]
c. 2500s BC				En-hegal Lugalshaengur Ur-Nanshe[6] Akurgal[6]	Pabilgagaltuku Ush
c. 2400s BC	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Eannatum[6] Enannatum I[6] Entemena[6] Enannatum II[6] Enentarzi[6]	Enakalle Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu Edin Meanedu Ushurdu	Lugal-Anne-Mundu Mug-si E-iginimpa'e
c. 2300s BC	Lugal-zage-si[3]	Enshakushanna Lugal-zage-si[3]	Lugalanda[6] Urukagina Lugal-zage-si[3]	Lugalanda[6] Urukagina Lugal-zage-si[3]	Ukush Lugal-zage-si[3]	Meskigal Lugal-zage-si[3]

Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods (c. 2334–2004 BC)

Akkad			Gutium			Lagash			Uruk / Ur
Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
Sargonic dynasty
Sargon	c. 2334–2279 BC	[7]
Rimush	c. 2278–2270 BC	[7]
Manishtushu	c. 2269–2255 BC	[7]				Second dynasty of Lagash
Naram-Sin	c. 2254–2218 BC	[7]	Gutian dynasty			Lugal-ushumgal	c. 2230–2210 BC
Shar-Kali-Sharri	c. 2217–2193 BC	[7]	Erridupizir	c. 2220–2202 BC		Puzer-Mama	around 2210 BC		Fourth dynasty of Uruk
			Imta	c. 2202–2199 BC		Ur-Ningirsu I	around 2200 BC		Ur-nigin	around 2200 BC
						Pirig-me	around 2200 BC		Ur-gigir	around 2200 BC
			Inkishush	c. 2199–2195 BC
Igigi (non-dynastic)	c. 2193 BC	[7]	Sarlagab	c. 2195–2192 BC					Kuda	uncertain
Imi (non-dynastic)	c. 2192 BC	[7]	Shulme	c. 2192–2186 BC		Lu-Baba	uncertain		Puzur-ili	uncertain
Nanum (non-dynastic)	c. 2191 BC	[7]
Ilulu (non-dynastic)	c. 2190 BC	[7]				Lugula	uncertain		Ur-Utu	uncertain
Dudu	c. 2189–2169 BC	[7]	Elulmesh	c. 2186–2180 BC
			Inimabakesh	c. 2180–2175 BC
			Igeshaush	c. 2175–2169 BC		Kaku	uncertain
Shu-turul	c. 2168–2154 BC	[7]	Yarlagab	c. 2169–2154 BC
Akkad defeated by the Gutians
			Ibate	c. 2154–2151 BC		Ur-Baba	c. 2157–2144 BC
			Yarla	c. 2151–2148 BC
			Kurum	c. 2148–2147 BC
			Apilkin	c. 2147–2144 BC
			La-erabum	c. 2144–2142 BC		Gudea	c. 2144–2124 BC
			Irarum	c. 2142–2140 BC
			Ibranum	c. 2140–2139 BC
			Hablum	c. 2139–2137 BC
			Puzur-Suen	c. 2137–2130 BC
			Yarlaganda	c. 2130–2123 BC
			Si'um	c. 2123–2116 BC		Ur-Ningirsu II	c. 2124–2119 BC		Fifth dynasty of Uruk
			Tirigan	c. 2116 BC		Ur-gar	c. 2117–2113 BC		Utu-hengal	c. 2119–2113 BC
Gutians defeated by Utu-Hengal of Uruk									Third dynasty of Ur
						Nam-mahani	c. 2113–2110 BC		Ur-Nammu	c. 2112–2095 BC	[8]
						Lagash defeated by Ur-Nammu of Ur			Shulgi	c. 2094–2047 BC	[8]
									Amar-Sin	c. 2046–2038 BC	[8]
									Shu-Sin	c. 2037–2029 BC	[8]
									Ibbi-Sin	c. 2028–2004 BC	[8]

Isin–Larsa and rise of Babylon (c. 2025–1750 BC)

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties
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Southern Mesopotamia												Northern Mesopotamia
Isin			Larsa			Babylon			Uruk			Eshnunna			Assyria
Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
First dynasty of Isin			Dynasty of Larsa									Dynasty of Eshnunna			Puzur-Ashur dynasty
Ishbi-Erra	c. 2017–1985 BC	[8]	Naplanum	c. 2025–2005 BC	[8]							Ituria	uncertain	[9]	Puzur-Ashur I[a]	uncertain	[10]
			Emisum	c. 2004–1977 BC	[8]							Ilushuilia	uncertain	[9]	Shalim-ahum	uncertain	[10]
Shu-Ilishu	c. 1984–1975 BC	[8]										Nurakhum	uncertain	[9]	Ilu-shuma	uncertain	[10]
Iddin-Dagan	c. 1974–1954 BC	[8]	Samium	c. 1976–1942 BC	[8]							Kirikiri	uncertain	[9]	Erishum I	c. 1974–1935 BC	[10]
Ishme-Dagan	c. 1953–1935 BC	[8]	Zabaia	c. 1941–1933 BC	[8]							Bilalama	uncertain	[9]
Lipit-Eshtar	c. 1934–1924 BC	[8]	Gungunum	c. 1932–1906 BC	[8]							Azuzum	uncertain	[9]	Ikunum	c. 1934–1921 BC	[10]
Ur-Ninurta	c. 1923–1896 BC	[8]	Abisare	c. 1905–1895 BC	[8]	Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I)						Ipiq-Adad I	uncertain	[9]	Sargon I	c. 1920–1881 BC	[10]
Bur-Suen	c. 1895–1874 BC	[8]	Sumuel	c. 1894–1866 BC	[8]	Sumu-abum	c. 1894–1881 BC	[11]				Shiqlanum	uncertain	[9]
Lipit-Enlil	c. 1873–1869 BC	[8]										Abdi-Erah	uncertain	[9]	Puzur-Ashur II	c. 1880–1873 BC	[10]