A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
ʫ
...The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
- The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is
z
. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively). - The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
Dental | Denti- alveolar |
Alveolar | Post-alveolar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retracted | Retroflex | Palato- alveolar |
Alveolo- palatal | |||||
Sibilant | plain | z̪ | z̟ | z͇ | z̠ | ʐ | ʒ | ʑ |
Non-sibilant | ð | ð͇ | ɻ̝ | |||||
tapped | ɾ̞ |
IPA symbol |
meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|
place of articulation |
passive (mouth) |
⟨z̪⟩ | dental |
⟨z̟⟩ | advanced (denti-alveolar) | ||
⟨z͇⟩ | alveolar | ||
⟨z̠⟩ | retracted (postalveolar) | ||
active (tongue) |
⟨z̺⟩ | apical | |
⟨z̻⟩ | laminal | ||
⟨ʐ⟩ | retroflex | ||
secondary | ⟨zʲ⟩ | palatalized coronal | |
⟨ʑ⟩ | alveolo-palatal | ||
⟨ʒ⟩ | palato-alveolar | ||
⟨zʷ⟩ | labialized coronal | ||
⟨zˠ⟩ | velarized coronal | ||
⟨zˤ⟩ | pharyngealized coronal | ||
voice-onset time | ⟨zʱ⟩ | breathy coronal |
Voiced alveolar sibilant
Voiced alveolar fricative | |
---|---|
z | |
IPA Number | 133 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | z |
Unicode (hex) | U+007A |
X-SAMPA | z |
Braille |
Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant | |
---|---|
z̪ |
Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant | |
---|---|
z̟ |
Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant | |
---|---|
z̠ | |
zᶾ | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | z̺ |
Unicode (hex) | U+007A U+033A |
The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- There are at least three specific variants of :
- Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong.[1]
- Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
- Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dentalized laminal alveolar
Non-retracted alveolaredit
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | зы | ⓘ | 'one' | ||
Albanian | zjarr | zjar | 'fire' | ||
Arabic | Standard[27] | زائِر | ˈzaːʔir | 'visitor' | See Arabic phonology |
Assamese | জলকীয়া | zɔlɔkija | 'chili' | ||
Assyrian | ܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga | ziɡa | 'bell' | ||
Bengali | নামাজ | namaz | 'Salah' | Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by [dʒ]. See Bengali phonology | |
Breton | iliz | iliz | 'church' | ||
Chechen | зурма / zurma | zuɾma | 'music' | ||
Dutch[28][29] | zaad | z̻aːt̻ | 'seed' | Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.[28][29] See Dutch phonology | |
Emilian | Bolognese | raṡån | raːz̺ʌŋ | 'reason' | Palatalized apical; may be [ʐ] or [ʒ] instead. |
English | zoo | ⓘ | 'zoo' | Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology | |
Esperanto | kuzo | ˈkuzo | 'cousin' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Georgian[30] | ზარი | ˈzɑɾi | 'bell' | ||
Greek | Athens dialect[31] | ζάλη / záli | ˈz̻ali | 'dizziness' | See Modern Greek phonology |
Hebrew | זאב | zeˈʔev | 'wolf' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindustani | Hindi | ज़मीन | zəmiːn | 'land' | May be replaced in Hindi by [dʒ]. See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | زمین | ||||
Japanese[32] | 全部 / zenbu | zembɯ | 'everything' | See Japanese phonology | |
Kabardian | зы | ⓘ | 'one' | ||
Kalaw Lagaw Ya | zilamiz | zilʌmiz | 'go' | ||
Kashmiri | ज़ानुन / زانُن | zaːnun | 'to know' | ||
Khmer | បែលហ្ស៊ិក / bêlhsĭk | ɓaelzɨk | noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)' adjective: 'Belgian' |
See Khmer phonology | |
Konda[33][34] | sunz | sunz | 'to sleep' | ||
Malay | beza | bezə | 'difference' | ||
Maltese | żelu | zelu | 'zeal' | ||
Marathi | जर | zər | 'if' | See Marathi phonology. | |
Occitan | Limousin | jòune | ˈzɒwne | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
Persian | روز | ɾuːz | 'day' | ||
Portuguese[35] | casa | ˈkazɐ | 'house' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਹਜ਼ਾਰ | həˈzaːr | 'thousand' | May be replaced by [dʒ] in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties. |
Shahmukhi | ہزار | ||||
Spanish | Andalusian | comunismo | ko̞muˈnizmo̞ | 'Communism' | Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to h ~ ɦ. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental z̪. |
Latin American | |||||
Filipino | |||||
Swahili | lazima | lɑzimɑ | 'must' | ||
Tamil | Jaffna Tamil | கடுதாசி | kɐɖuðaːzi | 'letter' | Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.[36] |
West Frisian[37] | sizze | ˈsɪzə | 'to say' | It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology | |
Yi | ꍂ / ssy | zɹ̩˧ | 'generation' | ||
Yiddish | זון / zien | zin | 'son' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[38] | guanaz | ɡʷanaz | 'went to grab' |