A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Widnes | |
|---|---|
| Town | |
.JPG) Widnes Town Centre | |
  Widnes Location within Cheshire | |
| Population | 62,400 (2021)[1] |
| Demonym | Widnesian |
| OS grid reference | SJ 5124 8527 |
| • London | 169 mi (272 km)[2] SE |
| Unitary authority | |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | WIDNES |
| Postcode district | WA8 |
| Dialling code | 0151 |
| Police | Cheshire |
| Fire | Cheshire |
| Ambulance | North West |
| UK Parliament | |
Widnes (/ˈwɪdnəs/ WID-nəss) is an industrial town in the Borough of Halton, Cheshire, England, which at the 2021 census had a population of 62,400.[1]
Historically in Lancashire, it is on the northern bank of the River Mersey where the estuary narrows to form the Runcorn Gap. Directly to the south across the Mersey is the town of Runcorn. Upstream 8 miles (13 km) to the east is Warrington, and 4 miles downstream to the west is Speke, a suburb of Liverpool.
Before the Industrial Revolution, Widnes was a small settlement on marsh and moorland. In 1847, the chemist and industrialist John Hutchinson established a chemical factory at Spike Island. The town grew in population and rapidly became a major centre of the chemical industry. The demand for labour was met by large-scale immigration from Ireland, Poland, Lithuania and Wales.[3][4] The town continues to be a major manufacturer of chemicals, although many of the chemical factories have closed and the economy is predominantly based upon service industries.[5]
Widnes and Hough Green railway stations are on the Liverpool–Manchester line. The main roads through the town are the A557 in a north–south direction and the A562 east–west. The disused Sankey Canal terminates at Spike Island. The Silver Jubilee Bridge crosses the River Mersey west of Warrington. In 2017, the Mersey Gateway Bridge opened to relieve congestion at the older bridge. The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre is the United Kingdom's only museum dedicated solely to the Chemical Industry and is inside Hutchinson's former administrative building. The town's sport stadium hosts Widnes Vikings rugby league club.
The motto of Widnes is the Latin phrase Industria Ditat ("Industry Enriches").
History
Toponymy
The most usual explanation for the origin of the name Widnes is that it comes from the Danish words vid, meaning wide, and noese, meaning nose and that it refers to the promontory projecting into the River Mersey. However, the Widnes promontory is not particularly wide and another possible explanation is the first part derives from the Danish ved, meaning a wood and possibly referring to a tree-covered promontory. Earlier spellings of the name have been Vidnes, Wydnes and Wydness.[6]
Early history
There is little evidence of any early human occupation of the area although a flint arrowhead was discovered at Pex Hill, suggesting there was some human presence in the Stone Age. Pex Hill is a disused quarry, located to the north of the town.[6] Roman roads by-passed the area but some Roman coins were found where the Ditton railway station stands today.[7] In the 9th century Vikings had invaded the country and Widnes was at the extreme south of the Danelaw. The River Mersey derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon maeres ea, which means boundary river, the boundary being that between the Danelaw and the Saxon kingdom of Mercia.[8] At the beginning of the 20th century it was believed that some earthworks on Cuerdley Marsh had been constructed by the Vikings[9] but an archaeological investigation in the 1930s found nothing to confirm this.[10]
Following the Norman conquest of England, William the Conqueror granted the Earldom of Lancaster to Roger the Poitevin who in turn granted the barony of Widnes to Yorfrid. Yorfrid had no sons and his elder daughter married William fitz Nigel, the second Baron of Halton. On Yorfrid's death the barony of Widnes passed to that of Halton.[11] The current St. Luke's, a Norman church, was built in Farnworth. Its date of origin is uncertain but it is likely to be around 1180.[12][13] In 1500 the South Chapel[12] was added to the church and in 1507 a grammar school was established in Farnworth; both were endowments from Bishop William Smyth.[14] Until the middle of the 19th century the area consisted of the scattered hamlets of Farnworth, Appleton, Ditton, Upton and Woodend. Nearby were the villages of Cronton and Cuerdley.[15]
In the 1750s the Sankey Canal was constructed. This linked the area of St. Helens with the River Mersey at Sankey Bridges, near Warrington and was in operation by 1757. It was extended to Fiddler's Ferry in 1762[16] and then in 1833 a further extension to Woodend was opened. In the same year the St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway was opened. The railway connected St Helens with an area in Woodend which was to become known as Spike Island. The termini of the canal and railway were adjacent and here Widnes Dock, the world's first railway dock, was established.[17] Despite these transport links and the emergence of the chemical industry at nearby Runcorn and elsewhere in the Mersey Valley, the Industrial Revolution did not arrive at Widnes until 14 years later, with the arrival at Spike Island of John Hutchinson.[18]
Coming of the chemical industry
John Hutchinson built his first factory in 1847 on land between the Sankey Canal and the railway making alkali by the Leblanc process.[19] This was an ideal site for the factory because all the raw materials could be transported there by the waterways and railway, and the finished products could similarly be transported anywhere else in the country or overseas. Further chemical factories were soon built nearby by entrepreneurs including John McClellan, William Gossage, Frederic Muspratt, Holbrook Gaskell and Henry Deacon.[5] The town grew rapidly as housing and social provision was made for the factory workers. Soon the villages of Farnworth, Appleton, Ditton and Upton were subsumed within the developing town of Widnes. Woodend became known as West Bank. The substances produced included soap, borax, soda ash, salt cake and bleaching powder. Other industries developed including iron and copper works.[20] The town became heavily polluted with smoke and the by-products of the chemical processes.[21] In 1888 the town was described as "the dirtiest, ugliest and most depressing town in England"[22] and in 1905 as a "poisonous hell-town".[23]
Their especial ugliness is, however, never more marked than when the spring is making beautiful every nook and corner of England, for the spring never comes hither. It never comes because, neither at Widnes nor St. Helens, is there any place in which it can manifest itself. The foul gases which, belched forth night and day from the many factories, rot the clothes, the teeth, and, in the end, the bodies or the workers, have killed every tree and every blade of grass for miles around.
— Robert Sherard, The White Slaves of England, Being True Pictures of Certain Social Conditions in the Kingdom of England in the Year 1897, p. 47
The demand for workers meant that, in addition to people from other areas of the United Kingdom, including Ireland,[24] large numbers of workers came from other countries. From the late 1880s significant numbers arrived from Poland and Lithuania who were fleeing from persecution and poverty in their home countries.[25] Immigrants also came from other areas, in particular Wales.[26] In 1890 the chemical companies making alkali by the Leblanc process combined to form the United Alkali Company, later one of the constituent companies of ICI. This involved practically all of the chemical industries in Widnes, which was considered to be the principal centre of the new company.[27] However, during the 1890s the chemical business in Widnes went into decline as more efficient methods of making alkali were developed elsewhere.[28]
Recent history
During the early decades of the 20th century there was a revival in the local economy, particularly as the United Alkali Company began to manufacture new products.[29] Improvements were being made to the structure of the town, in particular the opening of the Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge in 1905 which gave the first direct link over the Mersey for road traffic.[30] In 1909 the town became the first in Britain to have a regular covered-top double-decker bus service.[31]
By 1919 the health of the residents of the town was improving.[32] In the 1920s, and 1930s there was further diversification of the chemical industry and the products it manufactured.[33] Slums were being replaced by more and better homes.[34] After World War II more slums were cleared and there was ongoing growth and variation in the chemical industry. By the 1950s the town had 45 major chemical factories.[35]
In 1961 the Silver Jubilee Bridge opened as free crossing, replacing the outdated Transporter Bridge. In 2017 a further crossing, the Mersey Gateway Bridge, opened to relieve congestion. This crossing was tolled. When the Mersey Gateway Bridge was opened, the Silver Jubilee Bridge was closed for maintenance. Now both bridges are operating, but as tolled crossings.
In recent years many of the old heavy chemical factories have closed to be replaced by more modern factories. Much of the land previously polluted by the old dirty chemical processes has been reclaimed, and there have been improvements in the cleanliness and environment of the town.[36]
Governance
From Saxon times Widnes was part of the hundred of West Derby in Lancashire. Modern local government in the town of Widnes commenced with the creation of the Widnes Local Board in 1865, prior to which the town had been part of the administrative district of Prescot.[37] In 1892 the town received a Charter of Incorporation forming the Municipal Borough of Widnes.[38] In 1974, as part of the Local Government Act 1972, Widnes Borough Council was abolished and its territory amalgamated with Runcorn to form the borough of Halton within the county of Cheshire.[39] In 1998 the borough of Halton became a unitary authority.[39] In 2009 the council entered into an agreement with the five metropolitan district councils of Merseyside to form the Liverpool City Region.
In 1885 Widnes became a parliamentary constituency and elected its first Member of Parliament.[38] The UK parliamentary constituency is Halton and the current Member of Parliament is Derek Twigg.[40] The local authority is the borough of Halton and the town is divided into nine electoral wards.[41] For elections to the European Parliament, Widnes was in the North West England constituency.
Geography
Widnes is situated on the north bank of the River Mersey. The whole town is low-lying with some slightly higher areas in Farnworth and Appleton. To the south of the town a spur projecting into the river forms the West Bank area of Widnes; together with a spur projecting northwards from Runcorn these form Runcorn Gap, a narrowing of the River Mersey. Runcorn Gap is crossed by Runcorn Railway Bridge, carrying the Liverpool branch of the West Coast Main Line, and the Silver Jubilee Bridge, carrying the A533 road which then curves in a westerly direction towards Liverpool becoming the A562. The density of housing is generally high but there are some open green areas, including Victoria Park in Appleton and two golf courses which are geographically near the centre of the urban development. Most of the chemical and other factories are close to the north bank of the River Mersey.[42] A second road bridge, the Mersey Gateway, opened in October 2017, carrying a six-lane road connecting Runcorn's Central Expressway with Speke Road and Queensway in Widnes.
Drainage of the Widnes area is into the Mersey via Ditton, Steward's and Bower's Brooks. The bedrock of the area is rock from the Sherwood sandstone group. There are a few outcrops of sandstone but elsewhere the bedrock is covered by drift. Most of this consists of till except near the bank of the Mersey where it is recent alluvium.
When borings were made in the 1870s prior to the building of chemical works a deep gorge measuring around 100 feet (30 m) was found in the bedrock which was filled with glacial deposits. From this it was concluded that before the Ice Age the Mersey had flowed in a more northerly course, and when it was blocked by glacial deposits it had made a new channel through Runcorn Gap.[43]
Being close to the west coast and the Irish Sea, the climate is generally temperate with few extremes of temperature or weather. The mean average temperature in the years 1971 to 2000 was 9.4 to 9.7 °C, which was slightly above the average for the United Kingdom[44] as was the average amount of annual sunshine at 1391 to 1470 hours.[45] The average annual rainfall was 741 to 870 mm, which was slightly below the average for the UK.[46] The average number of days in the year when snow is on the ground is 0 to 6, which is low for the United Kingdom.[47] The average number of days of air frost is 2 to 39, which is also low.[48]
Demography
Population growth
Widnes was a small settlement until industrialisation in the nineteenth century which led to significant population growth.[49]
| Year | Population | Change as % |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 1,063 | — |
| 1811 | 1,204 | +13.3% |
| 1821 | 1,439 | +19.5% |
| 1831 | 2,209 | +53.5% |
| 1841 | 3,211 | +45.4% |
| 1851 | 3,211 | |
| 1861 | 6,905 | +115.0% |
| 1871 | 14,359 | +108.0% |
| 1881 | 24,935 | +73.7% |
| 1891 | 30,011 | +20.4% |
| 1901 | 28,580 | -4.8% |
| 1911 | 34,541 | +20.9% |
| 1921 | 38,860 | +12.5% |
| 1931 | 40,619 | +4.5% |
| 1939 | 40,347 | -0.6% |
| 1951 | 48,795 | +20.9% |
| 1961 | 52,168 | +6.9% |
| 1971 | 56,953 | +9.2% |
| 1981 | 54,478 | -4.3% |
| 1991 | 55,708 | +2.3% |
| 2001 | 55,686 | -0.0% |
| 2011 | 61,464 | +10.4% |
| 2021 | 62,400 | +1.5% |
Religion
In the 2021 census, of the people living in Widnes, 64.3% declared themselves to be Christian, higher than the national average in England of 46.3% but down from 79.9% in 2011.[1][51] 29.5% stated that they had "no religion" and 4.7% made no religious claims. Those stating their religions as Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Islam, Sikh or other amounted to 1.5%.[1]
The Anglican churches are administered by the Diocese of Liverpool.[52] The longest established church is St Luke's Church, Farnworth. The other Anglican churches are St Mary's in West Bank, St Paul's in Victoria Square, St John's in Greenway Road and St Ambrose in Halton View Road. The Anglicans share the building of St Michael's in Ditchfield Road with Hough Green Methodist Church. The Anglicans also share the building of All Saints' in Hough Green Road with the Catholic Church of St Basil's.[53]
The Roman Catholic churches in Widnes are part of the Archdiocese of Liverpool.[54] There are four churches in Widnes, namely St Bede's in Appleton, St John Fisher in Moorfield Road, St Michael's in St Michael's Road, and St Basils in Hough Green Road.[55][53] Owing to a shortage of Catholic Priests and the "Leaving Safe Harbours" project in effect throughout the Archdiocese St Marie's was closed, the last Mass was celebrated on 6 January 2007.[56] The church is a listed building,[57] but it has been placed on the Buildings at Risk list by the campaign group Save Britain's Heritage[58] and was identified by the Victorian Society on their 2008 annual list as being one of the ten most endangered Victorian buildings in Britain.[59] Our Lady of Perpetual Succour in Mayfield Avenue, St Marie's in Lugsdale Road, St Pius X in Sefton Avenue and St Raphael's in Liverpool Road all closed and were deconsecrated by 2013.
Trinity Methodist Church is in Peelhouse Lane and there are Methodist churches in Farnworth and Halebank.[53] There is a Baptist[60] church in Deacon Road and an Evangelical Christian church in Ditton. The Foundry in Lugsdale Road is a Pentecostal church[61] and the Jehovah's Witnesses have a Kingdom Hall in Moorfield Road. The Widnes National Spiritualist Church is in Lacey Street.[53]
Ethnicity
In the 2021 census, of Widnes's 62,400 residents, 96.5% were White. Mixed/multiple ethnic groups made up 1.3%; Asian/Asian British/Asian Welsh 1.2%; Black/Black British/Black Welsh/Caribbean/African 0.4%; and Other ethnic group 0.5%. 97.3% had English as a first language.[1]
Economy
In 2020, the GVA for the Widnes Built-up Area was £1.18 billion.[62]
Widnes is an industrial town and its major industry is still the manufacture of chemicals, although there has been diversification in recent years and the economy predominately relies on service industries. In 2006 a new freight park, known as the 3MG Mersey Multimodal Gateway, was opened in the West Bank area of the town. This provides a link for freight arriving by road, air or sea to be transferred to the rail network. In 2010 the first phase of Stobart Park, a "multimodal logistics service for warehousing and distribution", and part of the Stobart Group, was opened. This consists of a 520,000 square feet (48,000 m2) refrigerated warehouse for Tesco.[63]
In 2014 work began on the new Mersey Gateway bridge which was completed and open to the public in October 2017. A new six lane toll bridge over the River Mersey between the towns of Runcorn and Widnes was built to relieve the congested and ageing Silver Jubilee Bridge. The new bridge and access roads are a major strategic transport route linking the Liverpool city-region including Liverpool John Lennon Airport and the Port of Liverpool to North West England.
There has been considerable development of shopping areas in the town. The Greenoaks Centre, a mall which was opened in 1995 is adjacent to the long-established Widnes Market which has both a market hall and an open market. Also adjacent is a Morrisons supermarket.[64] In the Simms Cross area a large Asda superstore opened in 2004, replacing its old store in nearby Ditton.[65] A new shopping development, known as Widnes Shopping Park, opened on 18 March 2010, the flagship store being a Marks & Spencer shop. Other businesses involved in the development are Next, New Look, Boots, River Island and British Home Stores. The Outfit out-of-town chain outlet incorporates fashion brands, including Dorothy Perkins, Miss Selfridge, Topman, Wallis and Burton. Other businesses included in the development are Wilko, Costa Coffee, Halfords, Gala Bingo and KFC.[66]
In Autumn 2011 construction began of a Tesco Extra 24-hour store. The glass fronted 120,000 sq ft store has been built on the old B&Q site next to Ashley Way and was opened in March 2012. The store was built on stilts allowing a car park to be built underneath the store for around 600 cars.[67]
| Industry | Widnes (Resident Jobs) | Widnes (%) | Halton (%) | England (%) | Widnes - England Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles | 5,549 | 19.3 | 18.7 | 15.9 | 3.4 |
| C Manufacturing | 3,311 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 8.8 | 2.7 |
| H Transport and storage | 1,835 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 1.4 |
| E Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities | 580 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.3 |
| O Public administration and defence; compulsory social security | 1,949 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 0.9 |
| F Construction | 2,331 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 0.4 |
| D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 269 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
| N Administrative and support service activities | 1,437 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 0.1 |
| B Mining and quarrying | 50 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| L Real estate activities | 334 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | -0.3 |
| A Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 33 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.8 | -0.7 |
| Q Human health and social work activities | 3,353 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 12.4 | -0.7 |
| J Information and communication | 943 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 4.1 | -0.8 |
| R, S, T, U Other | 1,175 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 5.0 | -0.9 |
| I Accommodation and food service activities | 1,241 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.6 | -1.3 |
| K Financial and insurance activities | 767 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 4.4 | -1.7 |
| P Education | 2,348
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Widnes Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.
Analytika
Antropológia Aplikované vedy Bibliometria Dejiny vedy Encyklopédie Filozofia vedy Forenzné vedy Humanitné vedy Knižničná veda Kryogenika Kryptológia Kulturológia Literárna veda Medzidisciplinárne oblasti Metódy kvantitatívnej analýzy Metavedy Metodika Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative
Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších
podmienok. www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk |