• A True Story was written by Lucian of Samosata, contains a number of SF elements, like travel in space, alien life forms, interplanetary colonization and war, artificial atmosphere, telescopes, and artificial life forms.

• 106–117: Roman Empire at largest extent under Emperor Trajan after having conquered modern-day Romania, Iraq and Armenia.
• 126: Hadrian completes the Pantheon in Rome.
• 161: Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor of the Roman Empire. He is often ranked by historians as one of the greatest Roman emperors.
• 180–181: Commodus becomes Roman Emperor.

• One Thousand and One Nights has several proto-science fiction stories.^[1] One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the protagonist Bulukiya travels across the cosmos to different worlds much larger than his own world.^[2] In "Abu al-Husn and His Slave-Girl Tawaddud", the heroine Tawaddud tells of the mansions of the Moon, and the benevolent and sinister aspects of the planets.^[3]

• 962: Otto the Great crowned the Holy Roman Emperor; he was the first to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in nearly 40 years.
• 987: Succession of Hugh Capet to the French Throne and the beginning of Capetian Dynasty.
• 989: Peace and Truce of God formed, the first movement of the Catholic Church using spiritual means to limit private war, and the first movement in medieval Europe to control society through non-violent means.

• The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered proto-science fiction.^[1] In the story, an old man finds a beautiful baby girl. When she grew to be a young woman, she told her adoptive parents she was not of this world and must return to her people on the Moon.

• 907: Tang Dynasty ends with Emperor Ai deposed and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China commences.
• 936: Wang Geon unified Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
• 938: Ngô Quyền won the battle of Bach Dang against Chinese Southern Han army; this event marked the independence of Vietnam after 1000 years under Chinese rule.

• Ibn al-Nafis publishes Theologus Autodidactus.^[4] The story about an autodidactic adolescent feral child incorporates science fiction elements when it depicts an apocalypse.

• 1204: Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, which is considered to be the beginning of the decline of the Byzantine Empire.
• 1209: The University of Cambridge is founded.
• 1212: Spanish Christians succeed in defeating the Moors in the long Reconquista campaigns, after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.
• 1215: Magna Carta is sealed by John of England, making it one of the first times a medieval ruler is forced to accept limits on his power.
• 1274: Thomas Aquinas' work, Summa Theologica is published, after his death. Is the main staple of theology during the Middle Ages.

• An anonymous French account of the exploits of Alexander the Great, Vraye ystoire du bon roy Alixandre (The True History of the Good King Alexander) has fanciful stories about him going underwater in a submarine and being carried aloft in a cage, carried by huge Griffins.

Some 15th century writers imitated the 14th century author Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 -1400), such as John Lydgate and Thomas Hoccleve. Notable poets include Stephen Hawes, Alexander Barclay, William Dunbar, Robert Henryson, and Gawin Douglas. John Skelton wrote ironic and satirical works which blended Medieval and Renaissance styles.

• Johann Valentin Andreae publishes Christianopolis.^[5]

• Dutch East India Company, English East India Company, and Sultanate of Banten all fighting over port city of Jayakarta, which ends up leveled.

• Tommaso Campanella publishes The City of the Sun.^[5]

• 1620: The Brownist Pilgrims arrive in the Mayflower at Cape Cod.
• 1626: St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed.

• Francis Bacon publishes New Atlantis.^[6]

• 1632: Taj Mahal building work started in Agra, India.
• 1633: Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
• 1633–1639: Japan transforms into "locked country".

• Johannes Kepler publishes A Dream.^[6]

• 1634: Battle of Nördlingen results in Catholic victory.
• 1636: Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

• Francis Godwin publishes The Man in the Moone.^[6]

• 1643: Louis XIV is crowned King of France. He reigned over the Kingdom of France until his death in 1715, making his reign the longest of any monarch in history at 72 years and 110 days.
• 1649: King Charles I is executed for High treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death.

• Athanasius Kircher publishes Itinerarium Exstaticum (Ecstatic Journey).^[7]

• Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac's Histoire Comique par Monsieur de Cyrano Bergerac, Contenant les Estats et Empires de la Lune (Cyrano Bergerac's Comical History, containing the States & Empires of the Moon) is published posthumously.^[8]

• 1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.

• Margaret Cavendish publishes The Blazing World.^[7]

• 1663: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope.

• Bernard de Fontenelle publishes Discussion of the Plurality of Worlds.^[6]

• 1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

• Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships

• Samuel Madden publishes Memoirs of the Twentieth Century

• 1735–1739: Russo-Turkish War.
• 1738: Pope Clement XII issues In eminenti apostolatus, prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons.
• 1739: Nader Shah defeats the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and sacks Delhi.

• Ludvig Holberg publishes Niels Klim's Underground Travels.^[6]

• 1740: Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.
• 1740–1741: Famine in Ireland kills ten percent of the population.
• 1744: The French attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails.
• 1748: The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.

• Voltaire publishes Micromégas.^[6]

• 1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age.
• 1754–1763: The French and Indian War, the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
• 1756–1763: The Seven Years' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
• 1759: French and Indian War: French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and British commander James Wolfe die during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

• Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert publishes Voyage de Milord Céton dans les Sept Planètes (Journeys of Lord Seton in Seven Planets).^[9]

• 1760: George III becomes King of Britain.
• 1761: Marine chronometer invented.
• 1762–1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.
• 1763: The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.
• 1765: The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament.
• 1769–1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.
• 1769–1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one-third of the Bengal population.

• Louis-Sébastien Mercier publishes The Year 2440.^[6]

• 1771: Richard Arkwright and his partners build the world's first water-powered mill at Cromford.
• 1775–1783: American Revolutionary War.
• 1776: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
• 1778: James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands.

• The Passage from the North to the South Pole is published anonymously in France.^[9]

• 1783: Montgolfier brothers invent hot air balloon.
• 1785–1795: The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans.
• 1787: The United States Constitution is written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification.
• 1789: George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797.
• 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
• 1789–1799: French Revolution.

• Jean-Baptiste Cousin de Grainville publishes The Last Man.^[6]

• Napoleon becomes First Consul of France in 1800 and then Emperor of France in 1804.^[10]
• 1801: Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres. – Italy
• 1801: Thomas Jefferson elected President of the United States by the House of Representatives, following a tie in the Electoral College – United States
• 1804: World population reaches 1 billion.
• 1804: First steam locomotive begins operation.
• 1805: The Battle of Trafalgar eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the British Empire later in the century.

• E. T. A. Hoffmann publishes The Automata^[11]

• E. T. A. Hoffmann publishes The Sandman (short story)^[11]

• Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein.^[6]

• Jane Austen dies in 1817.^[10]
• Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo in 1815. United States buys Florida from Spain in 1819.^[10]

• Mary Shelley publishes The Last Man.^[6]

• Charles Babbage develops the concept of the difference engine, the world's first computer in 1822.^[10]

• Jane Webb Loudon publishes The Mummy!.^[6]

• Edgar Allan Poe publishes The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall.^[12]

• Edgar Allan Poe publishes the short story "The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion".^[12]

• Edgar Allan Poe publishes The Tell-Tale Heart

• Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes Rappaccini's Daughter.

• Edgar Allan Poe publishes The Raven

• Edgar Allan Poe publishes Eureka: A Prose Poem.^[6]

• The Revolutions of 1848 occur.^[10]

• Jules Verne publishes A Voyage in a Balloon.^[13]

• Great Exhibition held in London.
• Louis-Napoleon comes to power in France.^[13]

• Hermann Lang publishes The Air Battle: a Vision of the Future.^[14]

• Camille Flammarion publishes Real and Imaginary Worlds^[9]

• Jules Verne publishes From the Earth to the Moon.^[6]

• American Civil War is fought from 1861 to 1865. It introduces mechanized warfare^[13] and ironclad ships to battle.

• Edward S. Ellis publishes The Steam Man of the Prairies, the first SF dime novel.^[13]

• Jules Verne publishes Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.^[6]

• George T. Chesney publishes the novella The Battle of Dorking.^[6]
• Edward Bulwer-Lytton publishes The Coming Race.^[6]

• Samuel Butler publishes Erewhon^[13]

• Robert Louis Stevenson publishes Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde^[13]

• Camille Flammarion publishes Lumen.^[6]
• W. H. Hudson publishes A Crystal Age.^[6]

• Edward Bellamy publishes Looking Backward, 2000-1887.^[6]

• Mark Twain publishes A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.^[6]
• Camille Flammarion publishes Uranie.^[14]

• William Morris publishes News from Nowhere.^[6]

• Camille Flammarion publishes Omega: The Last Days of the World.^[14]
• John Jacob Astor IV publishes A Journey in Other Worlds.

• H. G. Wells publishes The Time Machine.^[6]
• J.-H. Rosny aîné publishes Un Autre Monde ("Another World").^[6]

• The Lumière Brothers show the first motion films in 1895.^[13]

• H. G. Wells publishes The Island of Doctor Moreau.^[6]

• Kurd Lasswitz publishes On Two Planets.^[6]

• H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds.^[6]

• L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.^[15]

• The British Empire engages in the Boer War.
• The 16th World Exhibition takes place in Paris.
• Art Nouveau challenges Jugendstil.^[15]

• H. G. Wells publishes The First Men in the Moon.^[6]
• M. P. Shiel publishes The Purple Cloud.^[6]

• Georges Méliès shows the film A Trip to the Moon (Le Voyage dans la Lune).^[16]

• H.G. Wells publishes The Land Ironclads.

• The Wright brothers usher in the era of heavier than air flight with their successful flight of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

• Rudyard Kipling publishes the short story "With the Night Mail".^[17]

• Albert Einstein postulates the light quantum, proves that atoms exist, and publishes on the Special Theory of Relativity.^[18]

• Jack London publishes The Iron Heel.^[17]
• William James publishes Pragmatism.^[18]
• Robert Hugh Benson publishes Lord of the World, one of the first works of dystopian fiction.^[19]

• The first helicopter, designed by Paul Cornu, flies for 20 seconds.
• Leo Baekeland invents Bakelite, the first commercially produced plastic.

• E. M. Forster publishes the novella The Machine Stops.^[17]
• Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founds the Futurist Movement with the publication of Il Manifesto del Futurismo (Futurist Manifesto).^[20]
• James William Barlow publishes the book The Immortals' Great Quest. Translated from an Unpublished Manuscript in the Library of a Continental University (i.e. written by) by James William Barlow. London: Smith, Elder & Co.^[21]
• Ezra Pound publishes Evolutions.^[18]

• Henry Ford produces the Model T.^[18]

• Thomas Edison's film company produces the first film adaptation of Frankenstein.^[22]

• Marie Curie publishes Treatise on Radiography.^[22]
• Mark Twain dies.
• Florence Nightingale dies.
• Manet and the Post-Impressionists opens at the Grafton Galleries in London.

• Hugo Gernsback publishes Ralph 124C 41+ in serial form in Modern Electrics.^[17]
• F. W. Mader publishes Wunderwelten in which a crew of young astronauts travels to Alpha Centauri at faster-than-light speeds.^[22]

• J. D. Beresford publishes The Hampdenshire Wonder.^[17]
• Garrett P. Serviss publishes The Second Deluge.^[17]
• Edgar Rice Burroughs publishes the novella Under the Moons of Mars.^[17]
• Arthur Conan Doyle publishes The Lost World, which gives the name to the Lost World subgenre of science fiction. Ironically, it is also one of the last Lost World novels to be published.^[22]
• Frederic Pujulà i Vallès publishes Homes Artificials (Artificial Men), considered the first science fiction novel in Catalan.^[23]

• John Jacob Astor, Jacques Futrelle, and W. T. Stead, all early science fiction authors, die in the sinking of the Titanic.^[22]

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