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List of United States treaties
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This is a list of treaties to which the United States has been a party or which have had direct relevance to U.S. history.
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Pre-Revolutionary War treaties
Before the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, the sovereign of the United Kingdom and the leaders of various North American colonies negotiated treaties that affected the territory of what would later become the United States.
- 1638 – Treaty of Hartford
- 1646 – Treaty of 1646[1]
- 1677 – Treaty of 1677[2]
- 1701 – Nanfan Treaty
- 1722 – Great Treaty of 1722[3]
- 1726 – Deed in Trust from Three of the Five Nations of Indians to the Chancellor[4]
- 1744 – Treaty of Lancaster
- 1752 – Treaty of Logstown
- 1754 – Treaty of Albany
- 1758 – Treaty of Easton
- 1760 – Treaty of Pittsburgh
- 1763 – Treaty of Paris
- 1768 – Treaty of Hard Labour
- 1768 – Treaty of Fort Stanwix
- 1770 – Treaty of Lochaber
- 1774 – Treaty of Camp Charlotte
U.S. international treaties
These are treaties that the United States has made with other sovereign international states. This is mostly to distinguish them from the next category. Under the treaty clause of the United States Constitution, treaties come into effect upon final ratification by the President of the United States, provided that a two–thirds majority of the United States Senate concurs.[5]
1776–1799
- 1776 – Model Treaty passed by the Continental Congress becomes the template for its future international treaties[6]
- 1776 – Treaty of Watertown – a military treaty between the newly formed United States and the St. John's and Mi'kmaq First Nations of Nova Scotia, two peoples of the Wabanaki Confederacy.
- 1778 – Treaty of Alliance – American Revolutionary War alliance with the Kingdom of France
- 1778 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce – with France
- 1778 – Treaty of Fort Pitt – with Lenapes (Delawares)
- 1782 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce[7][8] – with Dutch Republic
- 1783 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce[9] – with Sweden
- 1783 – Treaty of Paris – ended the American Revolutionary War
- 1785 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce[10] – with Prussia
- 1786 – Treaty of Friendship – with Morocco formally recognizing their 1777 recognition of the United States; oldest unbroken U.S. treaty
- 1794 – Treaty of Canandaigua (Pickering Treaty) – negotiated by Pickering for George Washington with Red Jacket, Cornplanter, Handsome Lake, and fifty other Iroquois leaders by which they were forced to cede much of their land to the United States. Britain had ceded all its claims to land in the colonies without consulting the Iroquois or other Native American allies.[11]
- 1794 – Jay Treaty (Treaty of London) – attempts to settle post-Revolution disputes with Great Britain. Provided the British Army to evacuate the Northwest Territory and to provide most favored nation status between Britain and America in exchange for international arbitration of the U.S.-Canada border and wartime debts. Opposed by Jeffersonian Republicans.
- 1795 - Treaty of Friendship - In 1783, Algeria recognized the independence of the United States.
- 1795 – Treaty of Greenville – Ended the Northwest Indian War and opened most of Ohio to white settlement
- 1795 – Treaty with Tripoli
- 1795 – Pinckney's Treaty (Treaty of Madrid or Treaty of San Lorenzo) – defines boundaries of U.S. with Spanish Florida and Americans granted navigation rights of the Mississippi
- 1796 – Treaty with Tripoli – tribute payments to Tripoli to protect Americans from seizure and ransom
- 1797 – Treaty with Tunis – increases tribute payments to Tripoli
1800–1849
- 1800 – Convention of 1800 (Treaty of Mortefontaine) – Ends the Quasi War between France and the U.S.
- 1803 – Louisiana Purchase Treaty – Acquire Louisiana Territory from the French First Republic.
- 1805 – Treaty with Tripoli[12] – Secured release of Americans being held in Tripoli, proclaimed peace and amity, and ended the First Barbary War.
- 1814 – Treaty of Ghent – Ends the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Great Britain, returning the two countries to the status quo ante bellum.
- 1815 – Commercial treaty with Great Britain – Established free trade between the United States, England, and much of the British Empire (Ireland was among the areas excluded)[13][14][15]
- 1817 – Rush–Bagot Treaty – The United States and Great Britain agree to demilitarize the Great Lakes.
- 1818 – Treaty of 1818 – resolved boundary issues between U.S. and Great Britain and demilitarized the border.
- 1819 – Adams–Onís Treaty – purchase of Florida from the Spanish Empire and established the border with New Spain.
- 1824 – Russo-American Treaty – gave Russian claims on land off the Northwest Pacific coast of North America (north of the Oregon Country)
- 1824 – Anderson–Gual Treaty – between U.S. and Gran Colombia; first bilateral treaty with another American country
- 1827 - Swedish–American Treaty (1827) - between the Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway and the United States
- 1828 – Treaty of Limits – between Mexico and the U.S.; confirms the boundary agreed to with Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty.
- 1830 – Treaty with the Ottoman Port[16][17] Also see Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
- 1831 – Franco-American Treaty of 1831 – France agreed to pay reparations of 25 million francs for damage to American shipping during the Napoleonic Wars[18] (ratified in 1835 under Victor de Broglie's government – see July Monarchy)
- 1833 – Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce – a commercial treaty between the Kingdom of Siam and the United States, first treaty with an East Asian nation
- 1833 – Treaty with Muscat[19]
- 1835 – Treaty of New Echota – between U.S. government officials and representatives of a minority Cherokee political faction, the Treaty Party
- 1842 – Webster–Ashburton Treaty – ended the Aroostook War and settles boundary disputes between the U.S. and Canada
- 1844 - Tyler-Texas Treaty - Between the US and the Republic of Texas. Signed on April 12, 1844, was framed to induct Texas into the Union as a territory.
- 1844 – Treaty of Wanghia – between the U.S. and Qing Dynasty. Establishes five U.S. treaty ports in China with extraterritoriality. Imposes the first unequal treaty on the dynasty.
- 1846 – Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty with the Republic of New Granada (Colombia)
- 1846 – Oregon Treaty – brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country
- 1847 – Treaty of Cahuenga – ends the Mexican–American War in Alta California
- 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – fully ends the Mexican–American War; sets the Rio Grande as the boundary between Mexico and Texas and cedes much of northern Mexico to the United States.
- 1849 – Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation – Treaty between the Hawaiian Kingdom and the United States
1850–1899
- 1850 – Clayton–Bulwer Treaty – U.S. and United Kingdom agree not to colonize Central America
- 1851 – Treaty of Fort Laramie – with the Cheyenne, Sioux, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations
- 1851 – California Indian Reservations and Cessions – 18 lost treaties of California
- 1854 – Convention of Kanagawa – forcibly opens Japan to American trade
- 1855 – Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty – with Canada on trade and tariffs
- 1855 – Treaty of Detroit – U. S. and Ottawa and Chippewa Nations of Indians which severed the link between the two Native American groups for further treaty negotiations and prepared the way for allotment of tribal land to individuals.
- 1858 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce, also known as Harris Treaty – forces the opening of treaty ports on Japan
- 1858 – Treaty of Tientsin – with China after the Second Opium War; established peace, amity, and commerce
- 1862 – Treaty of Commerce and Navigation – with Ottoman Empire [17]
- 1864 – First Geneva Convention – established rules for the treatment of battlefield casualties and sick and wounded combatants
- 1867 – Alaska Purchase – U.S. buys Alaska from Russia
- 1868 – Burlingame Treaty – with China; established improved relations
- 1868 – Naturalization Convention – with North German Confederation; first recognition by a European power of the legal right of its subjects to become American citizens
- 1868 – Naturalization Convention – with Belgium
- 1868 – Treaty of Bosque Redondo – with the Navajo ending the Navajo Wars
- 1868 – Treaty of Fort Laramie – with the Sioux and Arapaho ending Red Cloud's War.
- 1869 – Naturalization Convention – with Sweden and Norway.
- 1870 – Naturalization Convention – with United Kingdom
- 1871 – Treaty of Washington – settles grievances between the U.S. and Canada including the Alabama Claims
- 1872 – Naturalization Convention – with Denmark
- 1883 – Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property – intellectual property systems, including patents, of any contracting state become accessible to the nationals of other states party to the Convention
- 1886 – Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (ratified by U.S. in 1989)
- 1898 – Sixth Treaty of Paris – ends the Spanish–American War
- 1899 – Hague Conventions – one of the first formal statements of the laws of war
1900–1949
- 1900 – Treaty between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines. Concluded November 7, 1900; ratification advised by Senate January 22, 1901 .. ratified by the President January 30, 1901; ratifications exchanged March 23, 1901; proclaimed March 23, 1901.
- 1901 – Hay–Pauncefote Treaty – nullified Clayton–Bulwer Treaty in exchange for free access to build a canal across Central America
- 1901 – Boxer Protocol, Peace Agreement between the Great Powers and China – one of the Unequal Treaties with China
- 1902 – Naturalization Convention – with Haiti
- 1903 – Hay–Herrán Treaty – the U.S. attempt to acquire a lease on Panama from Colombia (not ratified by Colombia)
- 1903 – Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty – establishes the Panama Canal Zone
- 1903 – Treaty of Relations – with the Republic of Cuba
- 1905 – Treaty of Portsmouth – ends Russo-Japanese War; negotiated by President Theodore Roosevelt
- 1905 – Taft–Katsura Agreement – Japan and U.S. agree on spheres of influence in Asia
- 1906 – Second Geneva Convention – treatment of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea
- 1906 – Inter-American Convention Establishing the Status of Naturalized Citizens Who Again Take Up Residence in the Country of Their Origin
- 1907 – Gentlemen's Agreement – limiting Japanese immigration to the U.S.
- 1907 – Naturalization Convention – with Peru
- 1908 – Naturalization Convention – with Portugal
- 1908 – Naturalization Convention – with El Salvador
- 1908 – Naturalization Convention – with Honduras
- 1908 – Naturalization Convention – with Nicaragua
- 1908 – Naturalization Convention – with Uruguay
- 1909 – Boundary Waters Treaty – regulates water quantity and water quality along the boundary between Canada and the United States.
- 1911 – Naturalization Convention – with Costa Rica
- 1911 – North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 – first international treaty for wildlife preservation
- 1912 – International Opium Convention – first international drug control treaty
- 1916 – Treaty of the Danish West Indies – U.S. purchase of the Danish West Indies, renaming them the United States Virgin Islands
- 1917 – Lansing–Ishii Agreement – trade treaty between the U.S. and Japan
- 1918 – Migratory Bird Treaty – Environment treaty with the United Kingdom representing Canada, to protect birds which migrate between Canada and the U.S.
- 1919 – Treaty of Versailles – ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers and established the League of Nations. Ultimately not ratified by the U.S. Senate.
- 1920 – Svalbard Treaty – recognizes Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard and regulates its open access, economic activities, environmental protection, taxation and demilitarization
- 1921 – Peace Treaty – separate World War I peace agreement between United States and Austria[20]
- 1921 – Treaty of Berlin – separate World War I peace agreement between United States and Germany
- 1921 – Peace Treaty – separate World War I peace agreement between United States and Hungary[21]
- 1922 – Washington Naval Treaty – limits the naval armaments race, supplement to restrict submarine warfare and ban chemical warfare was rejected by France.
- 1925 – Anglo-American Convention – American acceptance of the provisions of the Mandate for Palestine and supervision of British performance as mandatory of the Mandate for Palestine.
- 1925 – Hay-Quesada Treaty – America accepts Cuban ownership of Isle of Pines.
- 1928 – Kellogg–Briand Pact – calls "for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy"
- 1929 – Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War – establishes rules for the treatment of prisoners of war
- 1929 – Warsaw Convention for the Unification of certain rules relating to international carriage by air – regulates civilian air travel
- 1930 – London Naval Treaty – regulates submarine warfare and shipbuilding
- 1930 – Convention Between the United States and Great Britain – Definitely delimits the boundary between North Borneo (then a British protectorate) and the Philippine archipelago (then a U.S. Territory)
- 1934 – Treaty of Relations – agreements between United States and Cuba[22] s:United States – Cuban Agreements and Treaty of 1934
- 1937 – Treaty Defining Liability for Military Service, etc. – with Lithuania
- 1943 – Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China – relinquishes extraterritorial rights granted to the United States in China under the Treaty of Wanghia.
- 1944 – Bretton Woods Agreement – establishes the rules for commercial and financial relations among the major industrial states
- 1945 – UN Charter – establishes the United Nations
- 1946 – Bermuda Agreement – bilateral treaty on Civil Aviation between U.S. and United Kingdom
- 1946 – Treaty of Manila – United States recognizes independence of the Republic of the Philippines
- 1947 – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – establishes rules for international trade
- 1947 – Paris Peace Treaties – establishes peace in Europe after World War II.
- 1947 – Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) – Western Hemisphere mutual defense
- 1947 – Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) – establishes International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty (Treaty of Washington) – establishes NATO mutual defense organization
- 1949 – Fourth Geneva Convention – establishes rules for the protection of civilians during times of war
- 1949 – Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation – establishes amiable relations between the U.S. and the Republic of China.
1950–1999
- 1951 – Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide – (with U.S. qualifications)
- 1951 – Treaty of San Francisco – a peace treaty between the Allied Powers and Japan; ends the Pacific conflict of World War II
- 1951 – Mutual Defense Treaty – alliance between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America
- 1951 – Treaty of Security between the United States and Japan (updated 1960)
- 1952 – ANZUS Treaty – mutual defense alliance between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States
- 1953 – Mutual Defense Treaty – Created an alliance with South Korea, and established the basis of South Korean adherence with U.S. government consultations on North Korean policy
- 1954 – U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement
- 1954 – Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty – creates SEATO mutual defense organization
- 1954 – Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty – alliance between the United States and Taiwan
- 1955 – Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), formerly known as Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), also known as the Baghdad Pact – creates CENTO mutual defense organization
- 1955 – The Open Skies Treaty – allow access to other nations' military activities by means of aerial surveillance flights
- 1955 – Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights – provided friendly diplomatic relations between the United States and Iran.
- 1956 – Dutch–American Friendship Treaty
- 1957 – International Atomic Energy Treaty (US PL 85–177)
- 1958 – Mutual Defense Agreement – commenced the "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom
- 1960 – Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security – mutual defense treaty with Japan
- 1961 – Antarctic Treaty – governs international relations in Antarctica
- 1961 – Columbia River Treaty (ratified in 1964) – with Canada to manage water in the Columbia River valley
- 1961 – Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations – specifies diplomatic immunity
- 1961 – Alliance for Progress – economic cooperation treaty with Latin America
- 1961 – Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
- 1962 – Nassau Agreement – defense treaty with United Kingdom
- 1962 – Joint Declaration on Commercial Relations – with the European Economic Community, signed March 7, 1962
- 1963 – Vienna Convention on Consular Relations – treaty on consular protocol
- 1963 – Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage – provides liability in the case of a nuclear accident
- 1963 – Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – Prohibited nuclear weapons testing except for underground tests.
- 1966 – Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations – commercial treaty with the Kingdom of Thailand
- 1966 – International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination – treaty prohibiting racial discrimination.
- 1967 – Outer Space Treaty – Basis for space law. Prohibits use of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, in space
- 1968 – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty – Prohibits signatories from acquiring nuclear weapons and commits nuclear-armed states to nuclear disarmament.
- 1968 – Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
- 1969 – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – provides rules on making international treaties. The United States is not a party to this treaty.
- 1970 – Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) – Provides unified procedure on patent applications
- 1970 – Boundary Treaty – settles U.S. – Mexico border on Rio Grande
- 1971 – Geneva Phonograms Convention – provides copyright protections for audio recordings
- 1971 – Convention on Psychotropic Substances – restricts the import and export of psychotropic drugs.
- 1972 – Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) (U.S. withdrew in 2002) – limited anti-ballistic missiles
- 1972 – SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) – provided limitations on new intercontinental ballistic missile launchers and submarine-launched ballistic missiles
- 1972 – Biological Weapons Convention – prohibited production of biological weapons
- 1972 – Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) (implemented by U.S., but not signed) – regulates waste disposal from vessels at sea
- 1972 – Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement – regulates water quality along the U.S.-Canada border
- 1973 – Paris Peace Accords – with North Vietnam ending the Vietnam War
- 1974 – Threshold Test Ban Treaty – limited nuclear testing to 150 kilotons per year
- 1977 – Torrijos-Carter Treaties – transfer of Panama Canal to Panama
- 1978 – Camp David Accords – peace treaty between Israel and Egypt; negotiated and signed in U.S.
- 1978 – Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement – regulates water quality along the U.S.-Canada border
- 1978 – Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United Mexican States and the United States of America[23]
- 1979 – SALT II (not ratified by U.S.) – sought to limit production of strategic nuclear weapons
- 1979 – Treaty of Tarawa – recognizes sovereignty of Kiribati over disputed islands
- 1980 – Maritime Boundary Treaty – settles disputed claims and establishes the maritime boundary between American Samoa and the Cook Islands
- 1980 – Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction
- 1980 – Treaty of Tokehega – settles disputed claims and establishes the maritime boundary between American Samoa and Tokelau
- 1985 – Plaza Accord – G-5 agreed to devalue the U.S. dollar in relation to the Japanese yen and German Deutsche Mark by intervening in currency markets
- 1986 – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations
- 1986 – United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods – regulates contracts on international trade
- 1988 – Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) – dismantled all short-range and intermediate-range ballistic missiles of the United States and the Soviet Union.
- 1988 – United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances – provides legal mechanisms on enforcement of previous narcotics treaties
- 1988 – United Nations Convention Against Torture – prohibited use of torture and cruel and unusual punishment
- 1989 – Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
- 1990 – Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany – final World War II peace with Germany and Allies
- 1991 – Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe – Signed by all 16 NATO members and Warsaw Pact nations; ratified by all 16 NATO states, the eight successor states to the USSR that have territory in Europe, and the six former Warsaw Pact nations
- 1991 – START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) – limited amounts of nuclear warheads, ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers between the United States and the Soviet Union
- 1992 – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ratified with qualifications by U.S. Senate) – commits signatories to respect civil and political rights
- 1992 – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – limited carbon emissions
- 1993 – Oslo Accords – between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel; negotiated with U.S. involvement
- 1993 – Chemical Weapons Convention – prohibits chemical weapons
- 1993 – START II (ratified by U.S. and Russia) – prohibited intercontinental ballistic missiles with multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
- 1994 – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – removed tariffs and trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada
- 1994 – Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods – regulated contracts on sales of goods
- 1994 – Kremlin accords – US and USSR missile and nuclear weapons control; ended preprogrammed targeting of strategic nuclear missiles
- 1994 – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) (not ratified by U.S.)
- 1995 – Dayton Agreement – ended the Bosnian War and determines the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina; negotiated and signed in U.S.
- 1995 – General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) – extended multilateral trade to the service sector
- 1996 – WIPO Copyright Treaty – protects computer programs and databases
- 1996 – WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
- 1996 – Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (signed but not ratified by U.S.) – completely prohibits nuclear weapon testing
- 1997 – Worldwide Chemical Weapons Convention
- 1998 – Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (unsigned by the U.S.) – established the International Criminal Court
- 1999 – Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air – modified the 1929 Warsaw Convention
2000–current
| Year | Treaty name | Ratified | Ratification Year | Expiry | Other Nation(s) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Patent Law Treaty | Yes | 2013 | numerous | ||
| 2001 | Convention on Cybercrime | Yes | 2006 | numerous | ||
| 2001 | Bonn Agreement | No | United Nations | Provided plans for the reconstruction of Afghanistan after the U.S. invasion | ||
| 2002 | SORT (Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty) | Yes | 2003 | 2011 | Russia | Or the Moscow Treaty. Limits the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the U.S |
| 2004 | International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture | No | numerous | Or the International Seed Treaty. | ||
| 2005 | Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement | became law | 2005 | Costa Rica | ||
| 2008 | U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement | No | 2011 | Iraq | Agreed to withdraw U.S. military forces from Iraq by 2011. | |
| 2010 | New START (The New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) | Yes | 2011 | 2026 | Russia | |
| 2012 | United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement | Yes | 2011 | South Korea | Or KORUS FTA | |
| 2012 | U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement | No | Afghanistan | Provided agreement for withdrawal of U.S. forces from the War in Afghanistan. | ||
| 2013 | UN Arms Treaty | No | numerous | Regulates the international arms trade | ||
| 2015 | Paris Agreement | No | numerous | Climate change mitigation treaty aiming to keep global temperatures from rising 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Withdrew in 2020, readmitted in 2021. | ||
| 2015 | Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action | No | Withdrew 2018 | China | Or Iran nuclear deal. Regulated the Iranian nuclear program to prevent nuclear weapons development. | |
| 2016 | Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol | Yes | 2022 | numerous | Regulates hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) | |
| 2018 | United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) | became law | 2020 | Mexico | Trade agreement designed to replace NAFTA |
U.S.–Native American treaties
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From 1778 to 1871, the United States government entered into more than 500 treaties with the Native American tribes;[24] all of these treaties have since been violated in some way or outright broken by the U.S. government,[25][26][27][28] with Native Americans and First Nations peoples still fighting for their treaty rights in federal courts and at the United Nations.[26][29]
In addition to treaties, which are ratified by the U.S. Senate and signed by the U.S. President, there were also Acts of Congress and Executive Orders which dealt with land agreements. The U.S. military and representatives of a tribe, or sub unit of a tribe, signed documents which were understood at the time to be treaties, rather than armistices, ceasefires and truces.
- The entries from 1784 to 1895 were initially created by information gathered by Charles C. Royce[30] and published in the U.S. Serial Set,[31] Number 4015, 56th Congress, 1st Session, in 1899. The purpose of the Schedule of Indian Land Cessions was to indicate the location of each cession by or reservation for the Indian Tribes. Royce's column headings are titled: "Date, Where or how concluded, Reference, Tribe, Description of cession or reservation, historical data and remarks, Designation of cession on map, Number, Location".[32]
The Ratified Indian Treaties that were transferred from the U.S. State Department to the National Archives were recently conserved and imaged for the first time, and in 2020 made available online with additional context at the Indigenous Digital Archive's Treaties Explorer, or DigiTreaties.org.[33][34]