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 UNESCO brochure on the anniversary of the campaign | |
 The relocated monuments were from Lower Nubia, roughly between Aswan and Wadi Halfa. The area was entirely submerged by the creation of Lake Nasser | |
| Location | Aswan Governorate, Egypt |
|---|---|
| Region | Nubia |
| Official name | Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, iii, vi |
| Designated | 1979 (3rd session) |
| Reference no. | 88 |
| Region | Arab States |
The International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia was the relocation of 22 monuments in Lower Nubia, in Southern Egypt and northern Sudan, between 1960 and 1980. This was done in order to make way for the building of the Aswan Dam, at the Nile's first cataract (shallow rapids) which was a necessary infrastructure project following the 1952 Egyptian Revolution.[1] This project was undertaken under UNESCO leadership and a coalition of 50 countries. This process led to the creation of the World Heritage Convention in 1972, and thus the system of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[2]
The construction of the Aswan Dam was a key objective of the new regime the Free Officers movement of 1952 in order to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity,[3] all of which were seen as pivotal for the industrialization of Egypt.
The building of the dam was to result in the creation of Lake Nasser, which would submerge the banks of the Nile along its entire 479 km (298 mi) length south of the dam – flooding the entire area of historical Lower Nubia. This region was home to 22 critical historical sites, including but not limited to the Abu Simbel temples; as well as the temples at Philae, Kalabsha and Amada.
It was described in the UNESCO Courier as "the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time".[4]
In April 1979, the monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List as the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae, as one of the second group of properties added to the list (the first 12 had been added in 1978).[5]
History
In 1954, UNESCO founded the CEDAE (Centre d'Étude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Égypte, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt) in Cairo under the direction of Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, who was a French Egyptologist at the Louvre. The Study Centre worked on documenting over 400 private tombs, primarily through photography and photogrammetry.[6] By September of 1955, field expeditions under Dr. Ahmed Badawi were undertaken in Nubia with UNESCO permission.
By 1959, Tharwat Okasha, the Egyptian Minister of Culture sought to work alongside UNESCO to safeguard and preserve Nubian monuments. He met with the Assistant Director-General of UNESCO, René Maheu to submit his appeal, which was quickly reassured to be responded to by Director-General Vittorino Veronese.[6] A proposal was submitted to the Executive Board of UNESCO, which would later mount the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.
This was officially began after Vittorino Veronese's appeal to the Executive Board of UNESCO on March 8, 1960. During the proposal, he described it: "It is not easy to choose between a heritage of the past and the present well-being of a people, living in need in the shadow of one of history's most splendid legacies, it is not easy to choose between temples and crops."[7] Doing so, he pointed out various concerns regarding the need to preserve Nubian cultural heritage sites in Egypt and Sudan while promoting the welfare of Egypt in relation to the proposed Aswan Dam.
The proposal was accepted, by the participation of many member states of UNESCO, though with the rule that 50% of finds would be relocated to museums in participating countries.[8] The intention of the campaign became to perform a massive archeological survey of the region, and the second was to rescue temples and sites through feats of engineering. The level of fieldwork for the project had not been previous undertaken on equivalent scale or length of time, leaving many to praise the campaign as a feat of the field of archeology. [8]
Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, who remained in charge of the CEDAE (Centre d'Étude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Égypte, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt) in Cairo, held a leading role within the archeological survey aspect of the campaign. She was tasked with the manner in which notes would be circulated during the project, suggesting that archaeological missions working in Nubia would be required to hand over copies publications and notes produced during the project to the Centre, and abiding by the Centre's publication techniques. Excavations from Egypt would be only required to send over copies of notes, without requiring copies of publications or oversight into said publications.[9] This is theorized to be related to the post-colonial desire to fortify Egyptian identity in a cultural history following the 1952 Egyptian Revolution.[9]
The removal of temples was a project of greater difficulty. 18 of the 25 temples in the area affected by the Aswan Dam were rescued in whole or in part during the project. Sites were prioritized by importance, including the most expensive site excavated being Abu Simbel.[8]
A honorary committee was first founded by King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden to create international support for the campaign, with various world political leaders and UNESCO members as participants.[6] An official International Action Committee was established after under the UNESCO Director General in order to secure funding, service, and equipment from participating member states.[6] They decided that UNESCO would be in charge of planning the program of operations, coordination of labor, and the collection of funding. The intention was for them to serve as an intermediaries between donors and the nations of Egypt and Sudan.[6]
Egyptians contested the oversight of UNESCO, insisting that they could meet demands of donors without UNESCO involvement.[6] Despite this, UNESCO continued a significant amount of oversight throughout the duration of the campaign.[10]
The construction of Lake Nasser, as well as the excavations required in the Nubia campaign, involved the relocation of many Nubians native to the region. First in 1902 due to the construction of the Aswan Lower Dam, then in both 1912 and 1933 due to the rising water levels, and a fourth time after the creation of the Aswan High Dam. The forced relocation stripped many native Nubians of their ancestral homelands, with the compensation of unsuitable homes for living and agriculture. This forced many Nubians to immigrate to cities in Egypt and later Sudan.[1]
Timeline
A timeline of the key dates of the campaign is shown below:
| Diplomacy | Relocation work | Aswan Dam | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 April 1959 | Egypt appeals to UNESCO | ||
| 24 October 1959 | Sudan appeals to UNESCO | ||
| 9 January 1960 | Work on the Aswan High Dam officially begun | ||
| 8 March 1960 | Director-General of Unesco appeals to the international community | ||
| Summer 1960 | Temples of Taffeh, Dabod and Kertassi dismantled by the Egyptian Antiquities Service | ||
| Nov. Dec. 1962 | Unesco's General Conference creates Executive Committee for the International Campaign | ||
| 1962–63 | Temple of Kalabsha dismantled, transferred and re-erected | ||
| Spring 1964 | Work begins on transfer of Abu Simbel temples | ||
| 14 May 1964 | Diversion of Nile to feed the turbines of the High Dam | ||
| September 1964 | Lake Nasser begins to fill | ||
| 22 September 1968 | Completion of the Abu Simbel operation | ||
| 6 November 1968 | UNESCO launches International Campaign to save the Temples of Philae | ||
| 1970 | Construction of Aswan High Dam completed | ||
| 1972 | Work begins on Philae rescue operation; monuments to be transferred to nearby island of Agilkia | ||
| May 1974 | Cofferdam around the island of Philae is completed and water is pumped out | ||
| April 1977 | Foundations of the Philae monuments ready on the island of Agilkia and reconstruction work begins | ||
| August 1979 | Completed at Agilkia | ||
| 10 March 1980 | Overall project completion |
Overview of Campaign
The campaign was primarily led by Tharwat Okasha,[11] the Egyptian Minister of Culture, René Maheu, Assistant Director-General of UNESCO, and Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, French Egyptologist at the Louvre.[12]
The number of relocated monuments have been stated as 22[13] or 24[14] depending on how an individual site is defined. Only one archaeological site in Lower Nubia, Qasr Ibrim, remains in its original location and above water; previously a cliff-top settlement, it was transformed into an island.[15][16] The relocated sites can be grouped as follows:
- Two temple groups moved nearby to nearly identical sites[14]
- Eleven temples rebuilt and grouped in three oases overlooking Lake Nasser[14]
- Seven temples placed in two museums[14]
- Five sent to Western museums as "grants-in-return" for technical and financial assistance[14]
The list of relocated monuments is as follows:
| Historical | Relocation | Current | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monument | Image[17] | Location | Period | Date | Led by | Image | Location | ||
| Abu Simbel (two temples) |  |
65m below current location | 13th century BCE | 1964–68 | Coalition |  |
65m above historical location, in artificial hill | ||
| Philae temple complex |  |
Philae Island | 300 BCE – 100 AD | 1972–79 | Coalition |  |
Agilkia Island | ||
| Temple of Amada |  |
Amada | 1400s BCE | France |  |
New Amada | |||
| Temple of Derr | ._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg) |
Derr | 1200s BCE | Egypt | _-_Egypt-9B-045_-_Temple_of_Derr_(Published_in_Wikipedia).jpg)
| ||||
| Tomb of Pennut at Aniba | _-_vue_ext%C3%A9rieure_du_tombeau_-_F%C3%A9lix_Teynard._LCCN2001695389_(cropped).jpg) |
Aniba | Egypt | .jpg)
| |||||
| Temple of Kalabsha (except gate, see below) |  |
Kalabsha | 30 BCE | 1962–63 | Germany |  |
New Kalabsha | ||
| Temple of Gerf Hussein |  |
Gerf Hussein | 1200s BCE | Egypt | 
| ||||
| Kiosk of Qertassi |  |
Qertassi | 0 – 100 AD | 1960 | Egypt | 
| |||
| Temple of Beit el-Wali | _-_Google_Art_Project.jpg) |
Beit el-Wali | 1200s BCE | Egypt | 
| ||||
| Temple of Dakka |  |
Dakka | 200 BCE – 100 AD | Egypt |  |
New Wadi es-Sebua | |||
| Temple of Maharraqa |  |
Maharraqa | 0 – 100 AD | Egypt | 
| ||||
| Temples of Wadi es-Sebua |  |
Wadi es-Sebua | 1400–1200 BCE | Egypt | 
| ||||
| Horemheb Temple at Abu Oda | 
|
Abu Oda | Nubian Museum, Aswan | ||||||
| Temple of Aksha | Aksha | 1200s BCE |  |
National Museum of Sudan | |||||
| The temples in the fortified town of Buhen | .jpg) |
Buhen | 1800s BCE | _(33690109520).jpg)
| |||||
| The temples at Semna East and West fortresses |  |
Semna | 1900s BCE | 
| |||||
| Temple of Debod |  |
Debod | 100s BCE | 1960 | Spain |  |
Madrid, Spain | ||
| Temple of Dendur |  |
Dendur | 23 BCE | United States |  |
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, United States | |||
| Temple of Taffeh |  |
Taffeh | 25 BCE – 14 CE | 1960 | Netherlands |  |
Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, the Netherlands | ||
| Temple of Ellesyia | Ellesyia | 1400s BCE | Italy |  |
Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy | ||||
| Kalabsha Gate |  |
Kalabsha | 30 BCE | 1962–63 | Germany | _(40205520311).jpg) |
Egyptian Museum of Berlin, Germany – part of the Temple of Kalabsha | ||
Historical images, monuments in situ
-
Qasr Ibrim (1840s) -
Qasr Ibrim today -
Ruins of Bigeh (1840s) -
Bigeh ruins today
Description and Contributions
Abu Simbel
One scheme to save the Abu Simbel temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear freshwater dam around the temples, with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile. There were to be underwater viewing chambers. In 1962 the idea was made into a proposal by architects Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry and civil engineer Ove Arup.[18] They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds. However, the proposal, though acknowledged to be extremely elegant, was rejected.[19]
The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964 by a multinational team of archeologists, engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner; it cost some US$40 million (equivalent to $632 million in 2024). Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 metres higher and 200 metres back from the river, in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history.[20] Some structures were even saved from under the waters of Lake Nasser.[19]
Philae
_-_TIMEA.jpg)
In 1902, the Aswan Low Dam was completed on the Nile River by the British. This threatened to submerge many ancient landmarks, including the temple complex of Philae. The height of the dam was raised twice, from 1907 to 1912 and from 1929 to 1934, and the island of Philae was nearly always flooded. In fact, the only times that the complex was not underwater was when the dam's sluices were open from July to October. During this period it was proposed that the temples be relocated, piece by piece, to nearby islands, such as Bigeh or Elephantine. However, the temples' foundations and other architectural supporting structures were strengthened instead. Although the buildings were physically secure, the island's attractive vegetation and the colors of the temples' reliefs were washed away. Also, the bricks of the Philae temples soon became encrusted with silt and other debris carried by the Nile. With each inundation the situation worsened and in the 1960s the island was submerged up to a third of the buildings all year round.[21]
The work began in 1972, and in 1974 a large coffer dam was built,[22] constructed of two rows of steel plates between which a 1 million cubic metres (35 million cubic feet) of sand was tipped. Any water that seeped through was pumped away. Next the monuments were cleaned and measured, by using photogrammetry, a method that enables the exact reconstruction of the original size of the building blocks that were used by the ancients. Then every building was dismantled into about 40,000 units from 2 to 25 tons, and then transported to the nearby Island of Agilkia,[22] situated on higher ground some 500 metres (1,600 ft) away. Foundations of the Philae monuments were ready on Agilkia by April 1977, and the transfer itself took place between 1977 and 1980.[23]
Individual Egyptian campaigns
In addition to participating directly in the high profile salvage operations of Abu Simbel and Philae, the Egyptian Antiquities Organization carried out the rescue of many smaller temples and monuments alone using their own financial and technical means.[24] As early as 1960 Egypt had started to rescue the temples of Taffeh (or Taffa), Debod and Qertassi, followed by Dakka and Maharraqa in 1961 and Dendur in 1962. The temples of Wadi es-Sebua and Beit el Wali and the rock tomb of Pennut at Aniba were moved in 1964 with the support of a US grant, whilst the subsequent re-erection was carried out with Egyptian resources. The Temple of Derr was rescued in 1965, and the temples of Gerf Husein, the chapel of Abu Oda (cut out of rock), the chapels of Qasr Ibrim (the rest of which has remained in situ), and many rock inscriptions and drawings, were also saved.[25]
West German operation at Kalabsha
Early in the campaign, the West German authorities offered to dismantle and re-erect the Temple of Kalabsha, the largest temple in all of Lower Nubia, with costs paid by West Germany.[26] Germany's interest in making a significant contribution stemmed from its Egyptological heritage, including Lepsius' milestone work Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien, as more specifically the work of Franz Christian Gau who had documented Kalabsha as early as 1819.[27]
French operation at Amada
In addition to the work of French archaeologists at Abu Simbel, the French government provided significant technical and financial support for the removal of the Temple of Amada. In 1964, the front portion of the temple was dismantled and transported on rails by the U.A.R. Antiquities Service. French archeologists then excavated the rest of the temple with the same railway system.[28]
Amada was considered "one of the most distinctive and best preserved examples of the art of the 18th dynasty."[29]
Wider archaeological campaign
Given the impending flooding of a wide area, Egypt and Sudan encouraged archaeological teams from across the world to carry out work as broadly as possible. Approximately 40 teams from across the world came to the region, to explore an area of approximately 500 km in length.[30]
In addition to the relocation operations, many countries participated in excavation and preservation work. Some of this work took place at the CEDAE (Centre d'Étude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Égypte, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt), founded in Cairo in 1955 to coordinate the academic efforts:[31]
Egypt: Five campaigns by the University of Cairo at Aniba. One campaign by the University of Alexandria at Gebel Adda. Eight excavation campaigns by the Antiquities Service on various sites. Three campaigns by the Antiquities Service for cutting out rock drawings. Removal of eight monuments, work in two others, dismantling of the front part of the temple of Amada and financial contribution to the work for saving this temple and those of Wadi es-Sebua, Beit el-Wali and Aniba.[31]
Sudan: Since 1960, successive expeditions by the Antiquities Service, led by a UNESCO expert, for a general survey of Sudanese Nubia; excavations at some of the most important sites.[31]
Argentina: Three archaeological campaigns in the Sudan by the National University of La Plata[31]
Austria: Six archaeological campaigns in Egypt by the University of Vienna, in Egypt. Sending of an epigraphist to the CEDAE.[31]
Belgium: Sending of three experts to the CEDAE. Photogrammetric and epigraphic records of five monuments in the Sudan. Contribution to the cost of transferring the temple of Semna, Sudan.[31]
Canada: One archaeological campaign in Egypt by the Royal Ontario Museum[31]
Czechoslovakia: Five expeditions in Egypt by the Institute of Classical Archaeology of Charles University[31]
Denmark, 
Finland, 
Norway, 
Sweden: Four campaigns in Sudan by a joint mission. Finland alone: General surveying to the south of Gemai (near Wadi Halfa in Sudan).[31]
France: Six campaigns in Egypt by the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Two campaigns in Egypt by the University of Strasbourg. Photogrammetric study. Sending of nine experts to the CEDAE. Removal and reconstruction of the Temple of Amada, together with Egypt. Seven campaigns in Sudan by the Commission Nationale des Fouilles". Payment of the costs involved in transferring the temple of Aksha, Sudan[31]
West Germany: Three campaigns by the German Archaeological Institute[31]
East Germany: Expeditions by the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina to record the rock inscriptions and drawings and the ground-plan of the ruins of Attiri, Sudan.[31]
Ghana: Three campaigns in the Sudan by the University of Ghana[31]
Hungary: One campaign in Egypt by Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)[31]
India: One campaign in Egypt by the Archaeological Survey of India[31]
Italy: Six campaigns in Egypt by the University of Milan, as well as the sending of three experts to the CEDAE. One campaign in Egypt by the Sapienza University of Rome. Three campaigns in Egypt by Museo Egizio (Turin), including financial contribution from city and museum for cutting out of the chapel of the Temple of Ellesyia. Experimental work with sounding methods by the Fondazione Lerici.[31]
Netherlands: Two campaigns by the National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden, in Egypt: excavations of Abdallah Nirqi (early Christian village, church with painted decoration) and of Shokan (late Meroitic village).[32] Preliminary studies for saving the Island of Philae. Contribution to the cost of saving the temple of Kumna (Sudan).[31]
Poland: One campaign in Egypt and four in Sudan by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw. Sending of four architects to the CEDAE.[31]
Spain: Four excavation campaigns and four campaigns to record and cut out rock inscriptions, in Egypt. Three excavation campaigns, in the Sudan.[31]
Switzerland: Two excavation campaigns in Egypt by the Schweizerisches Institut für Ägyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde in Cairo, one in co-operation with the University of Chicago, and one in co-operation with the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Architectural records of a temple and leadership of the Antiquities service expedition to cut out rock inscriptions in 1964. Sending of an expert to the CEDAE by the Swiss National Science Foundation.[31]
United Kingdom: Four campaigns in Egypt and two in Sudan by the Egypt Exploration Society. Two campaigns by the Egypt Exploration Society and the University of London for the general survey of Nubia. Sending of two experts to the CEDAE. Sending of an epigraphist (in co-operation with Brown University). Contribution to the dismantling of the temple of Buhen.[31]
United States: In Egypt: Four campaigns by the University of Chicago in Egypt, including one in co-operation with the Swiss Institute of Architectural Research. Complete surveying and recording of a temple by the University of Chicago. Four campaigns by Yale and Pennsylvania Universities. Pre-history research on the Abu Simbel site by Columbia University. Four campaigns by Yale University. Sending of an epigraphist by Brown University (Provi-dence) in collaboration with the Egypt Exploration Society. Four campaigns by the Museum of New Mexico (pre-history survey). Four campaigns by the American Research Centre. Contribution by the United States Government for saving the temples of Beit el- Wali, Wadi es-Sebua and Aniba. In Sudan: Three excavation campaigns by the University of Chicago. One pre-history survey campaign by Columbia University. Three pre-history survey campaigns by the Museum of New Mexico. Two excavation campaigns and one architectural survey campaign by the University of California. Sending of an epigraphist by Brown University (Providence). Three pre-history investigation campaigns by the University of Colorado Museum. Contribution by the United States Government for the transfer and re-erection of the temple of Buhen.[31]
Soviet Union: One survey and excavation campaign, in Egypt. General surveying and recording of rock inscriptions, in Egypt.[31]
Yugoslavia: Sending of two architects to the CEDAE. Removal of Christian wall paintings (two experts), in Egypt. Removal of Christian wall paintings (two experts), in the Sudan.[31]
Financial contributions
The table below summarizes the contributions towards the project by the global coalition of nations. The vast majority of these contributions funded the operations at Abu Simbel and Philae.[33]
