House of Representatives of Japan

House of Representatives

衆議院

*Shūgiin*
House of Representatives ; 衆議院; Shūgiin
213th Session of the National Diet
Type
Type	Lower house of the National Diet
Leadership
Speaker	Fukushiro Nukaga, LDP ; since October 20, 2023
Vice Speaker	Banri Kaieda, CDP ; since November 10, 2021
Prime Minister	Fumio Kishida, LDP ; since October 4, 2021
Leader of the Opposition	Kenta Izumi, CDP ; since November 30, 2021
Structure
Seats	465
Political groups	Government (289) LDP (257); Kōmeitō (32); Opposition (168) CDP (99); Ishin-FEFA (45); JCP (10); DPP (7); Yūshi no Kai (4); Reiwa (3); Unaffiliated (7) Independent (7); Vacant (1) Vacant (1);
Committees	17 committees
Length of term	Up to 4 years
Salary	Speaker: ¥2,170,000/m; Vice Speaker: ¥1,584,000/m; Members: ¥1,294,000/m
Elections
Voting system	Parallel voting:; First-past-the-post voting (289 seats); Party-list proportional representation (176 seats)
First election	1 July 1890
Last election	31 October 2021
Next election	On or before 30 October 2025
Meeting place
	Chamber of the House of Representatives
Website
	www.shugiin.go.jp

35°40′30.6″N 139°44′41.8″E / 35.675167°N 139.744944°E / 35.675167; 139.744944

The House of Representatives (衆議院, Shūgiin) is the lower house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Councillors is the upper house. The composition of the House is established by Article 41 [ja] and Article 42 [ja] of the Constitution of Japan.^[1] The House of Representatives has 465 members, elected for a four-year term. Of these, 176 members are elected from 11 multi-member constituencies by a party-list system of proportional representation, and 289 are elected from single-member constituencies.

The overall voting system used to elect the House of Representatives is a parallel system, a form of semi-proportional representation. Under a parallel system, the allocation of list seats does not take into account the outcome in the single seat constituencies. Therefore, the overall allocation of seats in the House of Representatives is not proportional, to the advantage of larger parties. In contrast, in bodies such as the German Bundestag or the New Zealand Parliament the election of single-seat members and party list members is linked, so that the overall result respects proportional representation fully or to some degree.^{[citation needed]}

The House of Representatives is the more powerful of the two houses, able to override vetoes on bills imposed by the House of Councillors with a two-thirds majority.^[2]^[3]^[4]

The last election for the House of Representatives was held on 31 October 2021 in which the Liberal Democratic Party won a majority government with 261 seats. Along with their coalition partner, Komeito which won 32 seats, the governing coalition holds 293 seats in total.^[5]

Right to vote and candidature

Japanese nationals aged 18 years and older may vote (prior to 2016, the voting age was 20).^[6]
Japanese nationals aged 25 years and older may run for office in the lower house.

Differences between the Upper and Lower Houses

The House of Representatives has several powers not given to the House of Councillors. If a bill is passed by the lower house (the House of Representatives) but is voted down by the upper house (the House of Councillors) the House of Representatives can override the decision of the House of Councillors by a two-thirds vote in the affirmative. However, in the case of treaties, the budget, and the selection of the prime minister, the House of Councillors can only delay passage, but not block the legislation. As a result, the House of Representatives is considered the more powerful house.

Members of the House of Representatives, who are elected to a maximum of four years, sit for a shorter term than members of the House of Councillors, who are elected to full six-year terms. The lower house can also be dissolved by the Prime Minister or the passage of a nonconfidence motion, while the House of Councillors cannot be dissolved. Thus the House of Representatives is considered to be more sensitive to public opinion, and is termed the "lower house".

While the legislative term is nominally 4 years, early elections for the lower house are very common, and the median lifespan of postwar legislatures has in practice been around 3 years.

Current composition

Composition of the House of Representatives of Japan in the English Wikipedia
(as of unspecified point in time)^[7]
elected by 2021 Japanese general election (term: 31 October 2021 – 30 October 2025 or earlier dissolution)
In-House Groups kaiha		Parties	Seats by parties	Seats

Government				290
	Liberal Democratic Party Jiyūminshutō / Mushozoku no Kai Liberal Democratic Party / Association of independents	Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)	257	258
		Independent	1	258
	Komeito Kōmeitō	Komeito	32	32
Opposition				164
	The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan Rikken Minshutō・Mushozoku Constitutional Democratic Party / Independents	Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP)	98	100
		Social Democratic Party (SDP)	1
		Independent	1
	Nippon Ishin (Japan Innovation Party) and Free Education for All Nippon Ishin no Kai / Kyōiku mushō-ka o jitsugen suru Kai Nippon Ishin no Kai / Free Education for All	Nippon Ishin no Kai	41	45
		Free Education for All	4	45
	Japanese Communist Party Nihon Kyōsantō	Japanese Communist Party (JCP)	10	10
	Democratic Party for the People Kokumin Minshutō・Mushozoku Club Democratic Party for the People / Independent Club	Democratic Party for the People (DPFP)	7	7
	Yūshi no Kai Yūshi no Kai	Independent	4	4
	Reiwa Shinsengumi Reiwa Shinsengumi	Reiwa Shinsengumi	3	3
Independents (government or opposition)				7
	Independents (not member of a caucus) Mushozoku	LDP (Speaker: Fukushiro Nukaga)	1
		CDP (Vice-Speaker: Banri Kaieda)	1
		Independents (not member of a party)	5
Total				464
	Vacant Ketsuin	majoritarian seats: Tokyo 15th district, Shimane 1st district, Nagasaki 3rd district (by-elections 28 April 2024) proportional seat: one CDP list seat from Kyūshū (scheduled runner-up replacement: Hiroshi Kawauchi)^[8]	1
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For a list of majoritarian members and proportional members from Hokkaidō, see the List of members of the Diet of Japan.

Latest election result



Party		Proportional			Constituency			Total seats	+/–
Party		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Total seats	+/–
	Liberal Democratic Party	19,914,883	34.66	72	27,626,235	48.08	187	259	–25
	Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan	11,492,095	20.00	39	17,215,621	29.96	57	96	New
	Nippon Ishin no Kai	8,050,830	14.01	25	4,802,793	8.36	16	41	+30
	Komeito	7,114,282	12.38	23	872,931	1.52	9	32	+3
	Japanese Communist Party	4,166,076	7.25	9	2,639,631	4.59	1	10	–1
	Democratic Party for the People	2,593,396	4.51	5	1,246,812	2.17	6	11	New
	Reiwa Shinsengumi	2,215,648	3.86	3	248,280	0.43	0	3	New
	Social Democratic Party	1,018,588	1.77	0	313,193	0.55	1	1	–1
	NHK Party	796,788	1.39	0	150,542	0.26	0	0	New
	Shiji Seitō Nashi	46,142	0.08	0				0	0
	Japan First Party	33,661	0.06	0	9,449	0.02	0	0	New
	Yamato Party	16,970	0.03	0	15,091	0.03	0	0	New
	New Party to Strengthen Corona Countermeasures by Change of Government	6,620	0.01	0				0	New
	Kunimori Conservative Party				29,306	0.05	0	0	New
	Love Earth Party				5,350	0.01	0	0	New
	Nippon Spirits Party				4,552	0.01	0	0	0
	Reform Future Party				3,698	0.01	0	0	New
	Renewal Party				2,750	0.00	0	0	New
	Party for a Successful Japan				1,630	0.00	0	0	New
	Independents				2,269,168	3.95	12	12	–10
Total		57,465,979	100.00	176	57,457,032	100.00	289	465	0

Valid votes		57,465,979	97.58		57,457,032	97.55
Invalid/blank votes		1,425,366	2.42		1,443,227	2.45
Total votes		58,891,345	100.00		58,900,259	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		105,224,103	55.97		105,224,103	55.98
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Historical composition

Before World War II (1890–1942)

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=House_of_Representatives_of_Japan
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