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Anglo-Frisian
Geographic distribution	Originally England, Scottish Lowlands and the North Sea coast from Friesland to Jutland; today worldwide
Linguistic classification	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian
Subdivisions	Anglic Frisian
Glottolog	angl1264
Approximate present day distribution of the Anglo-Frisian languages in Europe. Anglic:   English   Scots Frisian:   West Frisian   North Frisian   Saterland Frisian Hatched areas indicate where multilingualism is common.

The Anglo-Frisian languages are the Anglic (English, Scots, Fingallian†, and Yola†) and Frisian (North Frisian, East Frisian, and West Frisian) varieties of the West Germanic languages.

The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinct from other West Germanic languages due to several sound changes: besides the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, which is present in Low German as well, Anglo-Frisian brightening and palatalization of /k/ are for the most part unique to the modern Anglo-Frisian languages:

• English cheese, Scots cheese and West Frisian tsiis, but Dutch kaas, Low German Kees, and German Käse
• English church, and West Frisian tsjerke, but Dutch kerk, Low German Kerk, Kark, and German Kirche, though Scots kirk
• English sheep, Scots sheep and West Frisian skiep, but Dutch schaap (pl. schapen), Low German Schaap, German Schaf (pl. Schafe)

The grouping is usually implied as a separate branch in regards to the tree model. According to this reading, English and Frisian would have had a proximal ancestral form in common that no other attested group shares. The early Anglo-Frisian varieties, like Old English and Old Frisian, and the third Ingvaeonic group at the time, the ancestor of Low German Old Saxon, were spoken by intercommunicating populations. While this has been cited as a reason for a few traits exclusively shared by Old Saxon and either Old English or Old Frisian,^[1] a genetic unity of the Anglo-Frisian languages beyond that of an Ingvaeonic subfamily cannot be considered a majority opinion. In fact, the groupings of Ingvaeonic and West Germanic languages are highly debated, even though they rely on much more innovations and evidence. Some scholars consider a Proto-Anglo-Frisian language as disproven, as far as such postulates are falsifiable.^[1] Nevertheless, the close ties and strong similarities between the Anglic and the Frisian grouping are part of the scientific consensus. Therefore, the concept of Anglo-Frisian languages can be useful and is today employed without these implications.^[1][2]

Geography isolated the settlers of Great Britain from Continental Europe, except from contact with communities capable of open water navigation. This resulted in more Old Norse and Norman language influences during the development of Modern English, whereas the modern Frisian languages developed under contact with the southern Germanic populations, restricted to the continent.

Classification

The proposed Anglo-Frisian family tree is:

Anglic languages

Anglic,^[6][7] Insular Germanic, or English languages^[8][9] encompass Old English and all the linguistic varieties descended from it. These include Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English; Early Scots, Middle Scots, and Modern Scots; and the extinct Fingallian and Yola languages in Ireland.

English-based creole languages are not generally included, as mainly only their lexicon and not necessarily their grammar, phonology, etc. comes from Modern and Early Modern English.

Proto-English
Northumbrian Old English		Mercian Old English	Kentish Old English	West Saxon Old English
Northern Early Middle English		Midland Early Middle English	Southeastern Early Middle English	Southern Early Middle English	Southwestern Early Middle English
Early Scots	Northern Middle English	Midland Middle English	Southeastern Middle English	Southern Middle English	Southwestern Middle English
Middle Scots	Northern Early Modern English	Midland Early Modern English	Metropolitan Early Modern English	Southern Early Modern English	Southwestern Early Modern English	Fingallian	Yola
Modern Scots	Modern English					extinct	extinct

Frisian languages

The Frisian languages are a group of languages spoken by about 500,000 Frisian people on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany. West Frisian, by far the most spoken of the three main branches with 875,840 total speakers,^[10] constitutes an official language in the Dutch province of Friesland. North Frisian is spoken on some North Frisian Islands and parts of mainland North Frisia in the northernmost German district of Nordfriesland, and also in Heligoland in the German Bight, both part of Schleswig-Holstein state (Heligoland is part of its mainland district of Pinneberg). North Frisian has approximately 8,000 speakers.^[11] The East Frisian language is spoken by only about 2,000 people;^[12] speakers are located in Saterland in Germany.
There are no known East Frisian dialects, but there are three dialects of West Frisian and ten of North Frisian.

• West Frisian dialects:^[10]
  • Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)
  • South or Southwest Frisian (Súdhoeksk)
  • Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)
• North Frisian dialects:^[11]
  • Insular dialects
    • Sylt Frisian (Söl'ring)
    • Föhr-Amrum Frisian (Fering, Öömrang)
    • Heligolandic Frisian (Halunder)
  • Mainland dialects
    • Wiedingharde Frisian (Wiringhiirder)
    • Bökingharde Frisian (Mooringer)
    • Karrharde Frisian (Karrharder)
    • Goesharde Frisian (Gooshiirder)
      • Northern Goesharde Frisian (incl. Hooringer Fräisch & Hoolmer Freesch)
      • Central Goesharde Frisian
      • Southern Goesharde Frisian (extinct since early 1980s)
    • Halligen Frisian (Halifreesk)

Anglo-Frisian developments

The following is a summary of the major sound changes affecting vowels in chronological order.^[13] For additional detail, see Phonological history of Old English. That these were simultaneous and in that order for all Anglo-Frisian languages is considered disproved by some scholars.^[1]

1. Backing and nasalization of West Germanic a and ā before a nasal consonant
2. Loss of n before a spirant, resulting in lengthening and nasalization of preceding vowel
3. Single form for present and preterite plurals
4. A-fronting: West Germanic a, ā > æ, ǣ, even in the diphthongs ai and au (see Anglo-Frisian brightening)
5. palatalization of Proto-Germanic *k and *g before front vowels (but not phonemicization of palatals)
6. A-restoration: æ, ǣ > a, ā under the influence of neighboring consonants
7. Second fronting: OE dialects (except West Saxon) and Frisian ǣ > ē
8. A-restoration: a restored before a back vowel in the following syllable (later in the Southumbrian dialects); Frisian æu > au > Old Frisian ā/a
9. OE breaking; in West Saxon palatal diphthongization follows
10. i-mutation followed by syncope; Old Frisian breaking follows
11. Phonemicization of palatals and assibilation, followed by second fronting in parts of West Mercia
12. Smoothing and back mutation

Comparisons

Numbers in Anglo-Frisian languages

These are the words for the numbers one to 12 in the Anglo-Frisian languages, with Dutch, West-Flemish and German included for comparison:

Language	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
English	one	two	three	four	five	six	seven	eight	nine	ten	eleven	twelve
West Riding Yorkshire	one	two	three	fower	five	six	seven	eight	nine	ten	(e)leven	twelve
Scots[note 1]	ane ae* een	twa	trey three	fower	five	seks sax	seiven	aicht	nine	ten	eleiven	twaal
Yola	oan	twye	dhree	vour	veeve	zeese	zeven	ayght	neen	dhen	ellven	twalve
West Frisian	ien	twa	trije	fjouwer	fiif	seis	sân	acht	njoggen	tsien	alve	tolve
West-Flemish	jin	twi	drieje	viere	vuvve	zesse	zeevne	achte	neegn	tiene	elve	twolve
Saterland Frisian	aan (m.) een (f., n.)	twäin (m.) two (f., n.)	träi (m.) trjo (f., n.)	fjauer	fieuw	säks	sogen	oachte	njúgen	tjoon	alven	twelig
North Frisian (Mooring dialect)	iinj ån	tou tuu	trii tra	fjouer	fiiw	seeks	soowen	oocht	nüügen	tiin	alwen	tweelwen
Dutch	een	twee	drie	vier	vijf	zes	zeven	acht	negen	tien	elf	twaalf
High German	eins	zwei	drei	vier	fünf	sechs	sieben	acht	neun	zehn	elf	zwölf

* Ae [eː], [jeː] is an adjectival form used before nouns.^[14]

Words in English, West Riding Yorkshire, Scots, Yola, West Frisian, Dutch, German and West-Flemish

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Anglic_languages
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English	West Riding Yorkshire	Scots	Yola	West Frisian	Dutch	German	West-Flemish
day	day	day	dei	dei	dag	Tag	dah
world	warld	warld	eord	wrâld	wereld	Welt	wèreld
rain	rain	rain	rhyne	rein	regen	Regen	rinne
blood	blooid	bluid	blooed	bloed	bloed	Blut	bloed
alone	aloan	alane	alane	allinne	alleen	allein	oaljinne
stone	stoan	stane	sthoan	stien	steen	Stein	stjin
snow	snaw	snaw	sneow	snie	sneeuw	Schnee	snji(w)
summer	summer	simmer	zimmer	simmer	zomer	Sommer	zomer
way	way	wey	wye	wei	weg	Weg	weh
almighty	almeety	awmichtie	aulmichty	almachtich	almachtig	allmächtig	oalmahtih
ship	ship	ship	zhip	skip	schip	Schiff	skip/sjgip
nail	nail	nail	niel	neil	nagel	Nagel	noagle
old	owd	auld	yola	âld	oud	alt	oed
butter	butter	butter	buther	bûter	boter	Butter	beuter
cheese	cheese	cheese	cheese	tsiis	kaas	Käse	koas
apple	apple	aiple	appel	apel	appel	Apfel	apple
church	church (older kurk)	kirk	chourche	tsjerke	kerk	Kirche	kerke
son	son	son	zon	soan	zoon	Sohn	zeune
door	door	door	dher	doar	deur	Tür	deure
good	gooid	guid	gooude	goed	goed	gut	hoed
fork	fork	fork	vork	foarke	vork	Gabel Forke (dated)	vork
sib	sib (obsolete)	sib	meany / sibbe (dated)	sibbe	sibbe (dated)	Sippe
together	together	taegither	agyther	tegearre	samen tegader	zusammen	tegoare
morn(ing)	morn(in)	morn(in)	arich	moarn	morgen	Morgen	morhn
until, till	whol	until, till	del	oant	tot	bis	tot
where	wheer	whauror whare	fidie	wêr	waar	wo	woa(r)(e)
key	key	key[note 2]	kei / kie	kaai	sleutel	Schlüssel	sleutle