Semiconductor device fabrication
MOSFET scaling (process nodes)
020 µm – 1968 010 µm – 1971 006 µm – 1974 003 µm – 1977  1.5 µm – 1981 001 µm – 1984 800 nm – 1987 600 nm – 1990 350 nm – 1993 250 nm – 1996 180 nm – 1999 130 nm – 2001 090 nm – 2003 065 nm – 2005 045 nm – 2007 032 nm – 2009 028 nm – 2010 022 nm – 2012 014 nm – 2014 010 nm – 2016 007 nm – 2018 005 nm – 2020 003 nm – 2022
Future 002 nm ~ 2024
Half-nodes Density CMOS Device (multi-gate) Moore's law Transistor count Semiconductor Industry Nanoelectronics
v t e

The transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device (typically on a single substrate or "chip"). It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity (although the majority of transistors in modern microprocessors are contained in cache memories, which consist mostly of the same memory cell circuits replicated many times). The rate at which MOS transistor counts have increased generally follows Moore's law, which observes that transistor count doubles approximately every two years.^[1] However, being directly proportional to the area of a chip, transistor count does not represent how advanced the corresponding manufacturing technology is: a better indication of this is transistor density (the ratio of a chip's transistor count to its area).

As of 2023^[update], the highest transistor count in flash memory is Micron's 2 terabyte (3D-stacked) 16-die, 232-layer V-NAND flash memory chip, with 5.3 trillion floating-gate MOSFETs (3 bits per transistor).

The highest transistor count in a single chip processor as of 2020^[update] is that of the deep learning processor Wafer Scale Engine 2 by Cerebras. It has 2.6 trillion MOSFETs in 84 exposed fields (dies) on a wafer, manufactured using TSMC's 7 nm FinFET process.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

As of 2024^[update], the GPU with the highest transistor count is Nvidia's GB200 Grace Blackwell, built on TSMC's 4 nm process and totalling 208 billion MOSFETs.

The highest transistor count in a consumer microprocessor as of June 2023^[update] is 134 billion transistors, in Apple's ARM-based dual-die M2 Ultra system on a chip, which is fabricated using TSMC's 5 nm semiconductor manufacturing process.^[7]

Year	Component	Name	Number of MOSFETs (in trillions)	Remarks
2022	Flash memory	Micron's V-NAND chip	5.3	stacked package of sixteen 232-layer 3D NAND dies
2020	any processor	Wafer Scale Engine 2	2.6	wafer-scale design of 84 exposed fields (dies)
2024	GPU	GB200 Grace Blackwell	0.208
2023	microprocessor (commercial)	M2 Ultra	0.134	dual-die SoC; entire M2 Ultra is a multi-chip module
2020	DLP	Colossus Mk2 GC200	0.059	An IPU in contrast to CPU and GPU

In terms of computer systems that consist of numerous integrated circuits, the supercomputer with the highest transistor count as of 2016^[update] was the Chinese-designed Sunway TaihuLight, which has for all CPUs/nodes combined "about 400 trillion transistors in the processing part of the hardware" and "the DRAM includes about 12 quadrillion transistors, and that's about 97 percent of all the transistors."^[8] To compare, the smallest computer, as of 2018^[update] dwarfed by a grain of rice, had on the order of 100,000 transistors. Early experimental solid-state computers had as few as 130 transistors but used large amounts of diode logic. The first carbon nanotube computer had 178 transistors and was a 1-bit one-instruction set computer, while a later one is 16-bit (its instruction set is 32-bit RISC-V though).

Ionic transistor chips ("water-based" analog limited processor), have up to hundreds of such transistors.^[9]

Estimates of the total numbers of transistors manufactured:

• Up to 2014: 2.9×10²¹
• Up to 2018: 1.3×10^22[10][11]

Transistor count

Microprocessors

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A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit on a single integrated circuit. It is a multi-purpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output.

The development of MOS integrated circuit technology in the 1960s led to the development of the first microprocessors.^[12] The 20-bit MP944, developed by Garrett AiResearch for the U.S. Navy's F-14 Tomcat fighter in 1970, is considered by its designer Ray Holt to be the first microprocessor.^[13] It was a multi-chip microprocessor, fabricated on six MOS chips. However, it was classified by the Navy until 1998. The 4-bit Intel 4004, released in 1971, was the first single-chip microprocessor.

Modern microprocessors typically include on-chip cache memories. The number of transistors used for these cache memories typically far exceeds the number of transistors used to implement the logic of the microprocessor (that is, excluding the cache). For example, the last DEC Alpha chip uses 90% of its transistors for cache.^[14]

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Processor	Transistor count	Year	Designer	Process (nm)	Area (mm2)	Transistor density (tr./mm2)
MP944 (20-bit, 6-chip, 28 chips total)	74,442 (5,360 excl. ROM & RAM)[15][16]	1970[13][a]	Garrett AiResearch	?	?	?
Intel 4004 (4-bit, 16-pin)	2,250	1971	Intel	10,000 nm	12 mm2	188
TMX 1795 (8-bit, 24-pin)	3,078[17]	1971	Texas Instruments	?	30.64 mm2	100.5
Intel 8008 (8-bit, 18-pin)	3,500	1972	Intel	10,000 nm	14 mm2	250
NEC μCOM-4 (4-bit, 42-pin)	2,500[18][19]	1973	NEC	7,500 nm[20]	?	?
Toshiba TLCS-12 (12-bit)	11,000+[21]	1973	Toshiba	6,000 nm	32 mm2	340+
Intel 4040 (4-bit, 16-pin)	3,000	1974	Intel	10,000 nm	12 mm2	250
Motorola 6800 (8-bit, 40-pin)	4,100	1974	Motorola	6,000 nm	16 mm2	256
Intel 8080 (8-bit, 40-pin)	6,000	1974	Intel	6,000 nm	20 mm2	300
TMS 1000 (4-bit, 28-pin)	8,000[b]	1974[22]	Texas Instruments	8,000 nm	11 mm2	730
MOS Technology 6502 (8-bit, 40-pin)	4,528[c][23]	1975	MOS Technology	8,000 nm	21 mm2	216
Intersil IM6100 (12-bit, 40-pin; clone of PDP-8)	4,000	1975	Intersil	?	?	?
CDP 1801 (8-bit, 2-chip, 40-pin)	5,000	1975	RCA	?	?	?
RCA 1802 (8-bit, 40-pin)	5,000	1976	RCA	5,000 nm	27 mm2	185
Zilog Z80 (8-bit, 4-bit ALU, 40-pin)	8,500[d]	1976	Zilog	4,000 nm	18 mm2	470
Intel 8085 (8-bit, 40-pin)	6,500	1976	Intel	3,000 nm	20 mm2	325
TMS9900 (16-bit)	8,000	1976	Texas Instruments	?	?	?
Bellmac-8 (8-bit)	7,000	1977	Bell Labs	5,000 nm	?	?
Motorola 6809 (8-bit with some 16-bit features, 40-pin)	9,000	1978	Motorola	5,000 nm	21 mm2	430
Intel 8086 (16-bit, 40-pin)	29,000[24]	1978	Intel	3,000 nm	33 mm2	880
Zilog Z8000 (16-bit)	17,500[25]	1979	Zilog	?	?	?
Intel 8088 (16-bit, 8-bit data bus)	29,000	1979	Intel	3,000 nm	33 mm2	880
Motorola 68000 (16/32-bit, 32-bit registers, 16-bit ALU)	68,000[26]	1979	Motorola	3,500 nm	44 mm2	1,550
Intel 8051 (8-bit, 40-pin)	50,000	1980	Intel	?	?	?
WDC 65C02	11,500[27]	1981	WDC	3,000 nm	6 mm2	1,920
ROMP (32-bit)	45,000	1981	IBM	2,000 nm	58.52 mm2	770
Intel 80186 (16-bit, 68-pin)	55,000	1982	Intel	3,000 nm	60 mm2	920
Intel 80286 (16-bit, 68-pin)	134,000	1982	Intel	1,500 nm	49 mm2	2,730
WDC 65C816 (8/16-bit)	22,000[28]	1983	WDC	3,000 nm[29]	9 mm2	2,400
NEC V20	63,000	1984	NEC	?	?	?
Motorola 68020 (32-bit; 114 pins used)	190,000[30]	1984	Motorola	2,000 nm	85 mm2	2,200
Intel 80386 (32-bit, 132-pin; no cache)	275,000	1985	Intel	1,500 nm	104 mm2	2,640
ARM 1 (32-bit; no cache)	25,000[30]	1985	Acorn	3,000 nm	50 mm2	500
Novix NC4016 (16-bit)	16,000[31]	1985[32]	Harris Corporation	3,000 nm[33]	?	?
SPARC MB86900 (32-bit; no cache)	110,000[34]	1986	Fujitsu	1,200 nm	?	?
NEC V60[35] (32-bit; no cache)	375,000	1986	NEC	1,500 nm	?	?
ARM 2 (32-bit, 84-pin; no cache)	27,000[36][30]	1986	Acorn	2,000 nm	30.25 mm2	890
Z80000 (32-bit; very small cache)	91,000	1986	Zilog	?	?	?
NEC V70[35] (32-bit; no cache)	385,000	1987	NEC	1,500 nm	?	?
Hitachi Gmicro/200[37]	730,000	1987	Hitachi	1,000 nm	?	?
Motorola 68030 (32-bit, very small caches)	273,000	1987	Motorola	800 nm	102 mm2	2,680