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| Monarch of Vietnam | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Emperor Bảo Đại, the last monarch of Vietnam | |
| Details | |
| First monarch | Kinh Dương Vương (as King) (Mythical) Zhao Tuo (as Emperor) (Historical but still controversial) |
| Last monarch | Bảo Đại (as Emperor) |
| Formation | 2879 BC (Mythical) 203 BC (Historical) |
| Abolition | August 25, 1945 |
| Residence | Cổ Loa Citadel (257 BC,939 – 967) Imperial Citadel of Hoa Lư (968–1009) Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long (1010–1400; 1428–1789) Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty (1400–1407) Imperial City of Huế (1802–1945) |
| Pretender(s) | Guy Georges Vĩnh San (son of Emperor Duy Tân) |
| History of Vietnam |
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| Timeline |
 Vietnam portal |
This article lists the monarchs of Vietnam. Under the emperor at home, king abroad system used by later dynasties, Vietnamese monarchs would use the title of emperor (皇帝, Hoàng đế; or other equivalents) domestically, and the more common term sovereign (𤤰, Vua), king (王, Vương), or his/her (Imperial) Majesty (陛下, Bệ hạ).[1][2]
Overview
Some Vietnamese monarchs declared themselves kings (vương) or emperors (hoàng đế).[1][2] Imperial titles were used for both domestic and foreign affairs, except for diplomatic missions to China where Vietnamese monarchs were regarded as kingship or prince. Many of the Later Lê monarchs were figurehead rulers, with the real powers resting on feudal lords and princes who were technically their servants. Most Vietnamese monarchs are known through their posthumous names or temple names, while the Nguyễn dynasty, the last reigning house is known through their era names.
Titles
Vietnamese titles
Vietnamese monarchs used and were referred to by many titles, depending on each ruler's prestige and favor. Except for legendary rulers and the Sinitic-speaking Zhao dynasty and the Early Ly dynasty, the most popular and common Vietnamese designation for ruler, vua 𪼀 (lit. sovereign, chieftain), according to Liam C. Kelley, is "largely based on a pure semantic association based on the benevolent feature associated to the 'father' (but, on the other hand, the image of the father may also be terrifying, strict, or even mean)." Because there is no elaborated Chinese character or any attempt to standardize the Sino-Vietnamese Chữ Nôm script to render vua, the title was rendered in different ways. Vua in Ancient Vietnamese (10th–15th centuries) is attested in the 14th-century Buddhist literature Việt Điện U Linh Tập as bùgài (布蓋) in Chinese or vua cái (great sovereign in Vietnamese),[3] in 15th-century Buddhist scripture Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh as sībù (司布); in Middle Vietnamese (16th–17th centuries) as ꞗua or bua;[4] becoming vua in Early Modern Vietnamese (18-19th centuries) such as recorded by Alexis-Marie de Rochon's A Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies.[5] Vua is not found in any Vietnamese dynastic records which all were written in the lingua franca Chữ Hán through.[citation needed]
According to Mark Alves, Vietnamese vua was seemingly a loan word borrowed from the Old Chinese form of title Wáng (王, king), *ɢʷaŋ, to Proto-Viet-Muong. Frédéric Pain, however, insists that vua is from a completely indigenous Vietic lexicon, derived from sesquisyllabic proto-Vietic *k.bɔ.[6] While the monarch was commonly referred vernacularly as vua, Vietnamese royal records and official ceremonial titles have used hoàng đế (emperor) or vương (king), which are Vietnamese renditions of Chinese royal titles Huángdì and Wáng, since the time of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh. They were employed to show the Vietnamese monarchs' credence, and the latter was used in tributary relations with the Chinese empires without being considered a Chinese subject.[6][7]
Buddhism exerted influence on a number of Vietnamese royal titles, such as when the late 12th-century devout Buddhist king Lý Cao Tông (r. 1176–1210) demanded his courtiers to refer him as phật (Buddha).[8] His great-grandfather and predecessor Lý Nhân Tông (r. 1072–1127), a great patronizer of the Buddhist sangha, in his stelae inscription erected in 1121, compared himself and his accomplishments with ancient rulers of the Indian subcontinent near the time of Gautama Buddha, particularly king Udayana and emperor Aśoka.[9]
Cham titles
Cham rulers of the former kingdom of Champa in present-day Central and Southern Vietnam used many titles, mostly derived from Hindu Sanskrit titles. There were prefix titles, among them, Jaya and Śrī, which Śrī (His glorious, His Majesty) was used more commonly before each ruler's name, and sometimes Śrī and Jaya were combined into Śrī Jaya. Royal titles were used to indicate the power and prestige of rulers: raja-di-raja (king of kings), maharajadhiraja (great king of kings), arddharaja (vice king/junior king).[10] After the fall of Vijaya Champa and the Simhavarmanid dynasty in 1471, all Sanskrit titles disappeared from Cham records, due to southern Panduranga rulers styled themselves as Po (native Cham title, which also means "King, His Majesty, Her Majesty"), and Islam gradually replaced Hinduism in post-1471 Champa.
Ancient period
Hồng Bàng period
According to tradition there were eighteen of the Hùng kings of the Hồng Bàng period, known then as Văn Lang at that time, from around 2879 BC to around 258 BC. Following is the list of 18 lines of Hùng kings as recorded in the book Việt Nam sử lược by Trần Trọng Kim.[11]
| King | Given name | Reign, and line of descent |
|---|---|---|
| Kinh Dương Vương (涇陽王) | Lộc Tục (祿續) | 2879 – 2794 BC, Càn line (支乾) |
| Lạc Long Quân (貉龍君) | Sùng Lãm (崇纜) | 2793 – 2525 BC, Khảm line (支坎) |
| Hùng Lân vương (雄麟王), Hùng King III | Lân Lang | 2524 – 2253 BC, Cấn line (支艮) |
| Hùng Diệp Vương (雄曄王), Hùng King IV | Bửu Lang | 2252 – 1913 BC, Chấn line (支震) |
| Hùng Hy Vương, Hùng King V | Viên Lang | 1912 – 1713 BC, Tốn line (支巽) |
| Hùng Huy Vương (雄暉王), Hùng King VI | Pháp Hải Lang | 1712 – 1632 BC, Ly line (支離) |
| Hùng Chiêu Vương (雄昭王), Hùng King VII | Lang Liêu | 1631 – 1432 BC, Khôn line(支坤) |
| Hùng Vĩ Vương (雄暐王) Hùng King VIII | Thừa Vân Lang | 1431 – 1332 BC, Đoài line (支兌) |
| Hùng Định Vương( 雄定王), Hùng King IX | Quân Lang | 1331 – 1252 BC, Giáp line (支甲) |
| Hùng Hi Vương (雄曦王), Hùng King X | Hùng Hải Lang | 1251 – 1162 BC, Ất line (支乙) |
| Hùng Trinh Vương (雄楨王), Hùng King XI | Hưng Đức Lang | 1161 – 1055 BC, Bính line (支丙) |
| Hùng Vũ Vương (雄武王), Hùng King XII | Đức Hiền Lang | 1054 – 969 BC, Đinh line (支丁) |
| Hùng Việt Vương (雄越王), Hùng King XIII | Tuấn Lang | 968 – 854 BC, Mậu line (支戊) |
| Hùng Anh Vương (雄英王), Hùng King XIV | Chân Nhân Lang | 853 – 755 BC, Kỷ line (支己) |
| Hùng Triệu Vương (雄朝王), Hùng King XV | Cảnh Chiêu Lang | 754 – 661 BC, Canh line (支庚) |
| Hùng Tạo Vương (雄造王), Hùng King XVI | Đức Quân Lang | 660 – 569 BC, Tân line (支辛) |
| Hùng Nghị Vương (雄毅王), Hùng King XVII | Bảo Quân Lang | 568 – 409 BC, Nhâm line (支壬) |
| Hùng Duệ Vương (雄睿王), Hùng King XVIII | Lý Văn Lang or Mai An Tiêm | 408 – 258 BC, Quý line (支癸) |
Âu Lạc (257–207 BC)
| King | Image | Given name | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| An Dương Vương (安陽王) |  |
Thục Phán (蜀泮) | 257–207 BC |
Kingdom of Nam Việt (204–111 BC)
There is still a debate about the status of the Triệu dynasty (Zhao dynasty): traditional Vietnamese historians considered the Triệu dynasty as a local Vietnamese dynasty while modern Vietnamese historians typically consider the Triệu dynasty as a Chinese dynasty.[12]
| Emperor or king | Image | Given name | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| Triệu Vũ Đế (趙武帝) |
 |
Triệu Đà (趙佗) |
204–137 BC |
| Triệu Văn Đế (趙文帝) |
 |
Triệu Mạt (趙眜) |
137–125 BC |
| Triệu Minh Vương (趙明王) |
no image | Triệu Anh Tề (趙嬰齊) |
125–113 BC |
| Triệu Ai Vương (趙哀王) |
.jpg) |
Triệu Hưng (趙興) |
113–112 BC |
| Triệu Thuật Dương Vương (趙術陽王) |
no image | Triệu Kiến Đức (趙建德) |
112–111 BC |
1st, 2nd, 3rd Chinese domination period (111 BC - 939 AD)
| Trưng Sisters | Lady Triệu | Mai Hắc Đế | |||||||||||||
| Triệu dynasty | Early Lý dynasty | Phùng Hưng | Autonomy | Independent time | |||||||||||
| 111 BCE | 40 | 43 | 246 | 249 | 544 | 602 | 722 | 766 | 789 | 906 | 938 | ||||
Trưng Sisters (40–43)
| Queen | Full name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Trưng Nữ Vương (徵女王) | Trưng Trắc (徵側) | 40–43 |
Mai rebellions (713–723)
| Emperor | Full name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Mai Hắc Đế (梅黑帝) | Mai Thúc Loan (梅叔鸞) | 713–723 |
| Mai Thiếu Đế (梅少帝) | Mai Thúc Huy (梅叔輝) | 722–723 |
| Mai Bạch Đầu Đế (梅白頭帝) | Mai Kỳ Sơn (梅奇山) | 723 -724 |
Phùng rebellions (766–791)
| King | Full name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Bố Cái Đại Vương (布蓋大王) | Phùng Hưng (馮興) | 766–791 |
| Phùng An (馮安) | Phùng An (馮安) | 791–791 |
Early Lý dynasty (544–602)