C̱h

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
t̠ɹ̠̊˔
tɹ̝̊˗
Audio sample
	source · help

Voiceless postalveolar affricate
Voiceless postalveolar affricate
tʃ
t̠ʃ
IPA Number	103 134
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	t͡ʃ
Unicode (hex)	U+0074 U+0361 U+0283
X-SAMPA	tS or t_rS
Image

The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ ⟩ ⟨tʃ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ ⟩), or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).

Features

Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		чэмы/čamë/چەمہـ	^ⓘ	'cow'	Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms.
Albanian		çelur		'opened'
Aleut	Atkan dialect	chamĝul		'to wash'
Amharic		አንቺ/anite		'you'
Arabic^[1]	Central Palestinian	مكتبة (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe		'library'	Corresponds to in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
	Iraqi	چتاب/čitaab		'book'
	Jordanian	كتاب (Normally unwritten)/čitaab		'book'
Aragonese		chuego		'game'
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	ճնճղուկ/čënčquk	^ⓘ	'sparrow'
Assyrian		ܟ̰ܝܡܐ čyama		'to shut'	Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/.
Asturian		Chipre		'Cyprus'	Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [ʃ].
Azerbaijani		Əkinçi/اکینچی		'the ploughman'
Bengali		চশমা/čošma		'spectacles'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Basque		txalupa		'boat'
Bulgarian		чучулига/čučuliga		'lark'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan		cotxe	ˈkɔ.t͡ʃə	'car'	See Catalan phonology.
Central Alaskan Yup'ik		nacaq	ˈnat͡ʃaq	'parka hood'
Choctaw		hakchioma	hakt͡ʃioma	'tobacco'
Coptic	Bohairic dialect	ϭⲟϩ/čoh	t͡ʃʰɔh	'touch'
Czech		morče	ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ	'guinea pig'	See Czech phonology
Dhivehi		ޗަކަސް / çakas	t͡ʃakas	'mud'	Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
Dutch		Tjongejone	t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə	'jeez'	An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.^[3] Pronunciation is region dependent.
English		beach	biːt͡ʃ	'beach'	Slightly labialized tʃʷ. See English phonology
Esperanto		ĉar	t͡ʃar	'because'	See Esperanto phonology
Estonian		tšello	ˈtʃelˑo	'cello'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology
Faroese		gera	t͡ʃeːɹa	'to do'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology
Finnish		Tšekki	ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi	'Czechia'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French	Standard	caoutchouc	kaut͡ʃu	'rubber'	Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology
French	Acadian	tiens	t͡ʃɛ̃	'(I/you) keep'	Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
Galician		cheo	ˈt͡ʃeo	'full'	Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology
Georgian^[4]		ჩიხი/čixi	t͡ʃixi	'impasse'
German	Standard^[5]	Tschüss	t͡ʃʏs	'bye'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.^[5] See Standard German phonology
Greek	Cypriot	τσ̌άι/ćai	t͡ʃɑːiː	'tea'
Hausa	ciwo/ثِيوُاْ	t͡ʃíː.wòː	'disease, pain'
Hebrew		תשובה/tšuva	t͡ʃuˈva	'answer'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	चाय/čay	t͡ʃɑːj	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	چائے/čay	t͡ʃɑːj	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Haitian Creole		match	mat͡ʃ	'sports match'
Hungarian		gyümölcslé	ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː	'fruit juice'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian^[6]		ciao	ˈt͡ʃaːo	'hi'	See Italian phonology
Javanese		cedhak/ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك	t͡ʃəɖaʔ	'near'
Kʼicheʼ		K'iche'	kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ	'Kʼicheʼ''	Contrasts with ejective form
Kabardian		чэнж/çenj/چەنژ	t͡ʃanʒ^ⓘ	'shallow'
Kashubian^[7]		czësto	t͡ʃəstɔ	'cleanly'
Kurdish		hirç/هرچ	hɪɾt͡ʃ	'bear'
Ladino		kolcha/קולגﬞה	ˈkolt͡ʃa	'quilt'
Macedonian		чека/čeka	t͡ʃɛka	'wait'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay	Standard	cuci/چوچي	t͡ʃut͡ʃi	'to wash'	See Malay phonology
Malay	Indonesian	cuci/چوچي	t͡ʃut͡ʃi	'to wash'	Palatal [c] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology
Maltese		bliċ	blit͡ʃ	'bleach'
Manx		çhiarn	ˈt͡ʃaːrn	'lord'
Marathi		चहा/čëha	t͡ʃəhaː	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology
Mongolian	Khalkha dialect	наргиж/nargič ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ	ˈnargit͡ʃ	'laugh'
Nahuatl		āyōtōchtli	aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi	'armadillo'
Norwegian	Some dialects	kjøkken	t͡ʃøkːen	'kitchen'	See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu^[8]		jaro	t͡ʃaɾo	'needle'
Occitan		chuc	ˈt͡ʃyk	'juice'	See Occitan phonology
Odia		ଚକ/caka	t͡ʃɔkɔ	'wheel'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persian		چوب/чӯб/čub	t͡ʃʰuːb	'wood'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	ciemny	ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ	'dark'	/ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into t͡ʃ in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect^[9]
	Malbork dialect^[9]
	Ostróda dialect^[9]
	Warmia dialect^[9]
Portuguese	Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects	chamar	t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ	'to call'	Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ʃ].
	Most Brazilian dialects^[10]	presente	pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi	'present'	Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when i, ĩ, j is not actually produced) and other instances of i (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology
	Most dialects	tchau	ˈt͡ʃaw	'bye'	In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
Punjabi		ਚੌਲ/ چول/čol	t͡ʃɔːl	'rice'
Quechua		chunka	t͡ʃʊŋka	'ten'
Romani		ćiriklo	t͡ʃiriˈklo	'bird'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian		cer	ˈt͡ʃe̞r	'sky'	See Romanian phonology
Rotuman^[11]		joni	ˈt͡ʃɔni	'to flee'
Scottish Gaelic		slàinte	ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə	'health'	Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is tʲ. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	čokoláda чоколада	t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠	'chocolate'	In varieties that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/.
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[12]	szpańelsko	t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ	'Spanish'	These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into t͡ʃ.
Silesian	Jablunkov^[12]	szpańelsko	t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ	'Spanish'	These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into t͡ʃ.
Slovak		číslo	t͡ʃiːslo	'number'	See Slovak phonology
Slovene		koča	ˈkòːt͡ʃáː	'cottage'
Spanish^[13]		chocolate	t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞^ⓘ	'chocolate'	See Spanish phonology
Swahili		jicho	ʄit͡ʃo/جِيچٗ	'eye'
Swedish	Finland	tjugo	t͡ʃʉːɡʉ	'twenty'	See Swedish phonology
Swedish	Some rural Swedish dialects	kärlek	t͡ʃæːɭeːk	'love'	See Swedish phonology
Tagalog		tsuper	t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ	'driver'	See Tagalog phonology
Tlingit		jinkaat	ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ	'ten'
Turkish		çok	t͡ʃok	'very'	See Turkish phonology
Tyap		cat	t͡ʃad	'love'
Ubykh		Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya	t͡ʃəbʒəja	'pepper'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian^[14]		чотири/čotyry	t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ	'four'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek		choʻl/چۉل	t͡ʃɵl	'desert'
Yiddish		טשאַטשקע/čačke	t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ	'knick-knack'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[15]	chane	t͡ʃanɘ

Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.

Related charactersedit

There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):

U+107AE 𐞮 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH is an IPA superscript letter^[16]
U+1DF17 𝼗 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK is used in phonetic transcription^[17]^[18]
U+1DF1C 𝼜 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish^[19]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricateedit

Featuresedit

Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrenceedit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian^[20]	tree	t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯	'tree'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/.^[20]^[21]^[22] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [tɹ̝̊].^[21] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
	General American^[21]^[22]
	Received Pronunciation^[21]^[22]

Notesedit

^ Watson (2002:17)
^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
^ "Tjongejonge". 2 April 2019.
^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^ ^a ^b Mangold (2005:51–52)
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
^ Blevins (1994:492)
^ ^a ^b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^ Merrill (2008:108)
^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
^ Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
^ Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
^ Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03). "L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook" (PDF).
^ ^a ^b Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wells (2008).

Referencesedit

Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004). "Brazilian Portuguese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 227–232. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756.
Blevins, Juliette (1994). "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (2): 491–516. doi:10.2307/3623138. JSTOR 3623138.

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[1] Watson (2002:17)

[2] Dum-Tragut (2009:13)

[3] "Tjongejonge". 2 April 2019.

[4] Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)

[MangoldPA-5] Mangold (2005:51–52)

[6] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)

[7] Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.

[8] Ladefoged (2005:158)

[Dubisz-9] Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)

[10] Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)

[11] Blevins (1994:492)

[Dąbrowska-12] Dąbrowska (2004:?)

[13] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

[FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-14] Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.

[15] Merrill (2008:108)

[L220252-16] Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).

[L220125-17] Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).

[L221021-18] Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).

[19] Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03). "L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook" (PDF).

[FOOTNOTECoxFletcher2017144-20] Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.

[FOOTNOTECruttenden2014177,_186–188,_192-21] Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.

[FOOTNOTEWells2008-22] Wells (2008).

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