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Foreign relations of Ukraine
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This article is about the foreign relations of Ukraine. For a chronological list of diplomatic relations established, see List of diplomatic relations of Ukraine.
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Countries with which Ukraine (marked with red) has diplomatic relations.

Ukraine has formal relations with many nations and in recent decades has been establishing diplomatic relations with an expanding circle of nations. The foreign relations of Ukraine are guided by a number of key priorities outlined in the foreign policy of Ukraine.

Western relations

Ukraine considers Euro-Atlantic integration its primary foreign policy objective, but in practice balances its relationship with Europe and the United States while attempting to sever its considerable ties to Russia. The European Union's Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on March 1, 1998. The European Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions begin on an association agreement. The EU Common Strategy toward Ukraine, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999 in Helsinki, recognizes Ukraine's long-term aspirations but does not discuss association.[1]

On January 31, 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe—OSCE), and on March 10, 1992, it became a member of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Ukraine also has a close relationship with NATO and has declared interest in eventual membership. It is the most active member of the Partnership for Peace (PfP). Former President Viktor Yushchenko indicated that he supports Ukraine joining the EU in the future. Plans for Ukrainian membership to NATO were shelved by Ukraine following the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election in which Viktor Yanukovych was elected President.[1]

Yanukovych opted to keep Ukraine a non-aligned state.[2] This materialized on June 3, 2010 when the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) excluded, with 226 votes, the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy giving the country a non-aligned status.[3][4] "European integration" has remained part of Ukraine's national security strategy and co-operation with NATO was not excluded.[4]

Ukraine then considered relations with NATO as a partnership.[5][6] Ukraine and NATO continued to hold joint seminars and joint tactical and strategical exercises.[7][8] After February 2014's Yanukovych ouster and the Russian annexation of Crimea, the nation has renewed its drive for NATO membership.[3] On 23 December 2014 the Verkhovna Rada abolished, with 303 votes, Ukraine's non-aligned status.[3]

Diplomatic missions of Ukraine

Bilateral security agreements

In early 2024, following the 24 February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a number of allies of Ukraine signed long-term bilateral security treaties with Ukraine for many years to come (often a period of 10 years).[9] They resulted from a declaration by the G7 countries at a NATO Summit in Washington on 12 July 2023, concluding the establishment of a framework of bilateral security agreements of long-term military, materiel and economic support for Ukraine's defence. [9] The bilateral agreements prioritised strengthening Ukrainian air defence systems, artillery, long-range strike capabilities, armour, and combat aviation to fend off Russian military aggression.[9]

  • 12 January 2024: The United Kingdom signed a bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.[10]
  • 16 February 2024: France signed a bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.[9]
  • 16 February 2024: Germany signed a bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.[9]
  • 23 February 2024: Denmark signed a bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.[9]
  • 24 February 2024: Italy signed a bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.[9]
  • 24 February 2024: Canada signed a bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.[9]

Since then, an extra 25 countries announced that they were ready to sign such long-term bilateral security agreements with Ukraine as well.[9]

Relations with CIS states

Ukraine's relations with Russia are complicated by energy dependence and by payment arrears. However, relations improved with the 1998 ratification of the bilateral Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. The two sides have signed a series of agreements on the final division and disposition of the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet that helped to reduce tensions. However, Ukraine cut diplomatic relations with Russia as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[15]

Ukraine became a (non-official) member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) on December 8, 1991. In January 1993 it refused to endorse a draft charter strengthening political, economic, and defense ties among CIS members, and completely ceased to participate as a member in March 2014. Ukraine was a founding member of GUAM (Georgia-Ukraine-Azerbaijan-Moldova).

In 1999–2001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics. Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN peacekeeping operations since 1992.[citation needed]

Leonid Derkach (chairman of the SBU, which is Ukraine's security service, successor to the KGB) was fired due to Western pressure after he organized the sale of radar systems to Iraq while such sales were embargoed.[16]

International disputes

Belarus

Further information: Belarus–Ukraine relations

The 1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing border security.

Russia

Further information: Russia–Ukraine relations

Delimitation of the land boundary with Russia is incomplete, but the parties have agreed to defer demarcation. The maritime boundary through the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin allegedly declared at a NATO-Russia summit in 2008 that if Ukraine would join NATO his country can contend to annex the Ukrainian East and Crimea. As of April 2024, Russia has annexed the Crimean peninsula and partly four other regions of Ukraine: Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia.[17]

Starting in November 2013, the decision by Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych to back out of signing an integration agreement with the European Union started a period of civil unrest between Ukrainians who favored integration with the European Union and those who wanted closer ties with Russia. This culminated in the Revolution of Dignity. Russia took advantage of this political instability to annex Crimea in March 2014, though Ukraine still claims sovereignty over the territory by any kind of international law. Russia has also allegedly supported quasi-separatist forces in the war in Donbas. In December 2015 Russian hackers reportedly hacked Ukraine's power grids leading to a blackout and widespread terror.

On 24 February 2022, diplomatic relations were cut with Russia as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[15]


Moldova

Further information: Moldova–Ukraine relations

Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs posts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region which remains under OSCE supervision.

Romania

Further information: Romania–Ukraine relations

Ukraine and Romania have settled their dispute over the Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and the Black Sea maritime boundary at the International Court of Justice. The CIA World Factbook states that "Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea".[18]

Investment promotion

State enterprise InvestUkraine was created[19] under the State Agency for Investment and National Projects (National Projects)[20] to serve as a One Stop Shop for investors and to deliver investment consulting services.

Relations by country

Multilateral

See also: International membership of Ukraine
Organization Formal relations began Notes
 European Union December 1991[21] See Ukraine–European Union relations, Accession of Ukraine to the European Union

The Eastern Partnership is meant to complement the Northern Dimension by providing an institutionalized forum for discussing visa agreements, free trade deals and strategic partnership agreements with the EU's eastern neighbours.

 United Nations 1945[22] See Economic Commission of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
 NATO 1991[23] See Ukraine–NATO relations, Partnership for Peace program, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
 Commonwealth of Independent States 21 December 1991[24] See Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations

Ukraine is a signatory of both the Belovezh Accords and Alma-Ata Protocol; however, it has never ratified either agreement and has never been a member of the CIS.[citation needed] Largely ceased to participate in the CIS from 2014, and withdrew representatives from all CIS statutory bodies in 2018 as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War.[25]

Africa

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Algeria 20 August 1992[26] See Algeria–Ukraine relations
  • Algeria recognized Ukraine's independence in 1992.
  • Algeria has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Algiers (opened in 1999).[27]
  • Military and trade agreements between the two countries were signed in 1993 and 1994.[27]
 Botswana 3 March 2004[26]
  • Botswana recognized Ukraine's independence on February 11, 1992.[28]
 Cape Verde 25 March 1992[26]
 CAR 14 September 1995[26] See Central African Republic–Ukraine relations
 Comoros 23 July 1993[26]
 Egypt 25 January 1992[26] See Egypt–Ukraine relations
  • Since 1993, Egypt has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Since 1993, Ukraine has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria.
 Guinea 4 April 1992[26]
  • Ukraine has shown support for military dictatorships in Guinea by supplying the militia of Moussa Dadis Camara.[32]
 Guinea-Bissau 12 February 2009[26]
 Kenya 5 May 1993[26] See Kenya–Ukraine relations
  • Kenya is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Nairobi.
 Malawi December 22 1998[26]
  • Malawi is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Ukraine is accredited to Malawi from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • The presidents of Ukraine and Malawi, Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Lazarus Chakwera, spoke on the phone for the first time ever in the history of bilateral relations on August 4, 2022. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, President Lazarus Chakwera urged Russia to withdraw from Ukraine.[33]
 Mauritania 30 September 1992[26]
 South Africa 16 March 1992[26] See South Africa–Ukraine relations
  • South Africa established its embassy in Kyiv in October 1992.[36]
  • Ukraine established its embassy in Pretoria in 1995.[37]
 Sudan 4 June 1992[38] See Sudan-Ukraine relations
  • Sudan has an embassy in Kyiv.
 Tunisia 24 June 1992[26]
  • Tunisia recognized Ukraine's independence on December 25, 1991.[28]
 Uganda 7 September 1994[26]
 Zambia 22 April 1993[26] See Ukraine–Zambia relations
  • Zambia recognized Ukraine's independence on December 30, 1991.[28]

Americas

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina 6 January 1992[41] See Argentina–Ukraine relations
 Belize 1 October 1999[45]
 Bolivia 8 February 1992[47]
 Brazil 11 February 1992[49] See Brazil–Ukraine relations
 Canada 27 January 1992[53] See Canada–Ukraine relations
 Cuba 12 March 1992[56]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Havana.
 Dominica 25 April 2019[57]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 25, 2019.[58][59][60][61]
  • The two countries also signed a visa waver agreement.[62]
 El Salvador 14 April 1999[63] See El Salvador–Ukraine relations
 Guyana 15 November 2001[64]
 Honduras 17 September 2002[41]
 Mexico 14 January 1992[65] See Mexico–Ukraine relations
 Panama 21 May 1993[68]
 Paraguay 26 February 1993[41]
  • Paraguay is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).[69]
  • Ukraine is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and an honorary consulate in Asuncion.
  • There is an important community of people of Ukrainian origins in Paraguay (between 10,000 and 15,000 people), most of whom arrived at the beginning of the 20th century. (See also Ukrainians in Paraguay)
 Peru 7 May 1992[41]
Main article: Peru–Ukraine relations
  • Peru is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Lima.
 United States 3 January 1992[70] See Ukraine–United States relations
 Uruguay 18 May 1992[41]
  • Ukraine is represented in Uruguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina).[71]
  • Uruguay is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Moscow (Russia) and through an honorary consulate in Kyiv.
  • There are around 10,000 people of Ukrainian descent living in Uruguay.
 Venezuela 29 September 1993[72] See Ukraine–Venezuela relations

Asia

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Armenia 25 December 1991[74] See Armenia–Ukraine relations
  • Armenian-Ukrainian relations have lasted for centuries and today are cordial.
  • Armenian communities existed in the medieval Kyivian State as far back as the 12th century. These communities developed into Armenian settlements.[75]
  • Armenia has an embassy in Kyiv and consulates in Odesa, Kharkiv, Ternopil, and Cherkasy.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Yerevan.[76]
 Azerbaijan 6 February 1992[77] See Azerbaijan–Ukraine relations
  • Azerbaijan plays an important role in the foreign policy of Ukraine due to its strategic role. Both countries are among the founding members of GUAM and after their independence from the Soviet Union, they have remained close. The relations of strategic cooperation, political, economical, and cultural relations between two countries are at a high level.
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Kyiv.[78]
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Baku.[79]
  • There are about 32,000 Ukrainians who live in Azerbaijan, and there are over 45,000 Azerbaijanis in Ukraine.
  • The two countries support each other in entering international organizations.[80]
  • Ukraine supports the peaceful resolution of the conflict of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict within the framework of Azerbaijan's territorial integrity and is ready to take part in possible peacekeeping operation under the mandate of the United Nations.
 Bahrain 20 July 1992[26] See Bahrain–Ukraine relations
 Bangladesh 24 February 1992[81] See Bangladesh–Ukraine relations
 Brunei 3 October 1997[81] See Brunei–Ukraine relations


 Cambodia 23 April 1992 See Cambodia–Ukraine relations
 China 4 January 1992[81] See China–Ukraine relations
  • China has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate-general in Odesa.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Shanghai.
  • Chinese Ukrainian trade relations have intensified since 2008[82] and are growing; for instance various Chinese companies are interested in investing in the construction of a large orbital road around Kyiv and in building a number of bridges across the Dnipro River.[83] China intends to provide a loan of 25 million yuan (about USD 3.7 million) to Ukraine.[84]
  • Ukraine has also begun providing China with jet engines for military aircraft.[85][86]
 Georgia 22 July 1992[87] See Georgia–Ukraine relations

Since their independence from the Soviet Union, both countries consider each other as strategic partners and have forged close political and cultural relations. During the Shevardnadze era, the Georgian government maintained its close relations with Ukraine. However, the relationship has further enhanced after Rose Revolution in Georgia and Orange Revolution in Ukraine. During the Orange Revolutions, many Georgians rallied in Kyiv in support of Viktor Yushchenko. Both countries maintain pro-western political orientation and aspire to join NATO and the European Union.

The close friendship between Presidents Mikheil Saakashvili and Viktor Yushchenko has also played an important role in recent political and cultural unity of the two countries. However, the cultural and political unity between two nations existed long ago. There are many cultural events in both courtiers, celebrating close relations between Georgian and Ukrainian people. In 2007, Georgians unveiled a statue to Taras Shevchenko in Tbilisi while Ukrainians erected the statue of Georgia's epic poet Shota Rustaveli in Kyiv.

 India 17 January 1992[81] See India–Ukraine relations
  • The Indian Embassy in Kyiv was opened in May 1992 and Ukraine opened its Mission in New Delhi in February 1993. The Consulate General of India in Odesa functioned from 1962 till its closure in March 1999.
 Indonesia 11 June 1992[81] See Indonesia–Ukraine relations
 Iran 22 January 1992[88] See Iran–Ukraine relations
  • Iran has an embassy in Kyiv.[89]
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Tehran.[90]
 Iraq 16 December 1992[26] See Iraq–Ukraine relations
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Baghdad and Iraq has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • A small contingent of Ukrainians operated in Iraq in the wake of the invasion of Iraq mainly concerning police work and reconstruction.
 Israel 26 December 1991[26] See Israel–Ukraine relations
 Japan 26 January 1992[81] See Japan–Ukraine relations
  • Japan extended recognition to the Ukrainian state on December 28, 1991, immediately after the breakup of the Soviet Union.
  • Ukraine maintains an embassy in Tokyo.[93]
  • Japan maintains an embassy in Kyiv.[94]
 Kazakhstan 23 July 1992[81] See Kazakhstan–Ukraine relations
 Lebanon 14 December 1992[26] See Lebanon–Ukraine relations
 Malaysia 3 March 1992[81] See Malaysia–Ukraine relations
 Myanmar 19 January 1999[100] See Myanmar–Ukraine relations
 North Korea Diplomatic relations severed 13 July 2022[101][102]
Main article: North Korea–Ukraine relations
  • North Korea recognised independent Ukraine on 9 January 1992.
  • Ukraine has been shown to have sold rocket engines used for missiles to North Korea.[85][103]
  • Ukraine cut diplomatic ties with North Korea on 13 July 2022 after North Korea recognized the independence of the eastern regions of Luhansk and Donetsk, and has since withdrew the recognition of North Korea as they referred "Korea" as the Republic of Korea on the list of foreign diplomatic missions listed on Ukrainian MFA website.[104]
 Pakistan 16 March 1992[81] See Pakistan–Ukraine relations
  • Pakistan recognized Ukraine's independence in 1991.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Kyiv.[105]
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Islamabad.[106]
  • Ukraine and Pakistan have been cooperating with each other in educational sector as well as cultural exchanges. Pakistan and Ukraine are also heavily cooperating with each other in aerospace engineering, aerospace technologies, bio-medical sciences and science and technology.
 Palestine 2 November 2001[26] See Palestine–Ukraine relations
 Saudi Arabia 14 April 1993[26] See Saudi Arabia–Ukraine relations
  • Saudi Arabia recognized Ukraine's independence in 1992.
  • Saudi Arabia is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Riyadh and an honorary consulate in Jeddah.[107]
  • In January 2003, Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma made an official visit to Saudi Arabia.
 Singapore 31 March 1992[81] See Singapore–Ukraine relations
  • Singapore recognized Ukraine's independence on January 2, 1992.
  • Singapore is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).[108]
  • Since December 2002, Ukraine has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Singapore.[109]
  • In 2007, the two countries commenced negotiations for a free trade agreement.[110] In 2006, Ukraine was Singapore's 55th largest trading partner last year, with total trade amounting to S$774 million[111]
  • In 2007, the two countries signed a double taxation agreement.[112]
 South Korea 10 February 1992[113] See South Korea–Ukraine relations
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Seoul.[114]
  • South Korea has an embassy in Kyiv.[115]
  • Since 13 July 2022, Ukraine has recognized the Republic of Korea as the sole legitimate government in the Korean Peninsula.
 Syria Diplomatic relations severed 30 June 2022[26][116]
  • Syria recognised independent Ukraine on 28 December 1991 and established relations since March 31,1992
  • Relations were positive until 2011, but have been on pause since then.[117]
  • Ukraine had an embassy in Damascus before it was closed in 2016.
  • Ukraine cut diplomatic ties with Syria on 29 June 2022 after Syria recognized the independence of the eastern regions of Luhansk and Donetsk.
 Taiwan No official relations De facto relations[118] See Taiwan–Ukraine relations
  • After the fall of the Soviet Union, Taiwan tried to establish diplomatic relationships with Ukraine before China but ultimately failed after two diplomatic visits by Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Chiang Hsiao-yen.
  • During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Taiwan sent 27 tons of humanitarian aid to Ukraine.
 Thailand 6 May 1992[81] See Thailand–Ukraine relations
  • Thailand is represented in Ukraine through its consulate in Kyiv.[119]
  • Ukraine has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Bangkok.
 Turkey 3 February 1992[120] See Turkey–Ukraine relations

Turkey and Ukraine have a long chronology of historical, geographic, and cultural contact. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in the early 1990s when Turkey became one of the first states in the world to announce officially their recognition of sovereign Ukraine.

 Uzbekistan 25 August 1992[81] See Ukraine–Uzbekistan relations
 Vietnam 23 January 1992[81] See Ukraine–Vietnam relations

Europe

Further information: Accession of Ukraine to the European Union and Ukraine–European Union relations

Ukraine and all UN member states in Europe, except Belarus and Kazakhstan, are members of the Council of Europe.[123] Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine
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