East Asia

Area	11,840,000 km2 (4,570,000 sq mi) (3rd)
Population	1.6 billion (2023; 4th)
Population density	141.9 km2 (54.8 sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	$44.7 trillion (2023)[1]
GDP (nominal)	$24.8 trillion (2023)[1]
GDP per capita	$15,000 (nominal)[1]
Demonym	East Asian
Countries	6 countries[2][3][4][5]  China  Japan  Mongolia  North Korea  South Korea  Taiwan
Dependencies	2 autonomous dependencies  Hong Kong (China)  Macau (China)
Languages	Chinese Japanese Korean Mongolian Tibetan Others
Time zones	UTC+7, UTC+8 & UTC+9
Largest cities	List of urban areas:[6] Beijing Busan Chengdu Daegu Guangzhou Hangzhou Hong Kong Kaoshiung Macau Nagoya Nanjing Osaka Seoul Shanghai Shenzhen Taipei Tokyo Yokohama
UN M49 code	030 – Eastern Asia 142 – Asia 001 – World

East Asia
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	东亚/东亚细亚
Traditional Chinese	東亞/東亞細亞
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dōngyǎ/Dōngyà or Dōng Yǎxìyǎ/Dōng Yàxìyà Wade–Giles Tung1-ya3 Wu Romanization ton平 ia去 Gan Romanization Tung1 nga3 Hakka Romanization dung24 a31 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping dung1 aa3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tang-a
Tibetan name
Tibetan	ཨེ་ཤ་ཡ་ཤར་མ་
Korean name
Hangul	동아시아/동아세아/동아
Hanja	東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Dong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic	Зүүн Ази ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ
Transcriptions SASM/GNC Dzuun Azi
Japanese name
Kana	ひがしアジア/とうあ
Kyūjitai	東亞細亞/東亞
Shinjitai	東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
Transcriptions Revised Hepburn Higashi Ajia/Tō-A Kunrei-shiki Higasi Azia/Tou-A
Uyghur name
Uyghur	شەرقىي ئاسىي‎
Transcriptions Latin Yëziqi sherqiy asiy

East Asia is a region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.^[7][8] The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North and South Korea, and Taiwan.^[2][3][4][5] Hong Kong and Macau, two coastal cities located in the south of China, are autonomous regions under Chinese sovereignty. The economies of Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau are some of the world's largest and most prosperous economies.^[9] East Asia borders Siberia and the Russian Far East to the north, Southeast Asia to the south, South Asia to the southwest, and Central Asia to the west. To the east is the Pacific Ocean and to the southeast is Micronesia (a Pacific Ocean island group that is classified as part of Oceania).

East Asia has long been a crossroads of civilizations, as the region's prominence has facilitated the transmission of ideas, cultural exchanges, commercial trade, scientific and technological cooperation, and migration, as its position and proximity to both the Pacific Ocean and the Continental Asian landmass makes it strategically significant for facilitating international maritime trade and transportation. The contemporary economic, technological, political, and social integration of East Asia coupled with its rich history of diversity, division, and divergent development have all contributed to its enduring complexity, scientific and technological advancement, cultural richness, economic prosperity, and geopolitical significance on the world stage. With the region having been home to various influential empires, kingdoms, and dynasties throughout history, each leaving its mark on the region and transforming the region's geopolitical landscape ranging from distinct dynastic kingdoms to colonial possessions to independent modern nation-states. East Asia, especially Chinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the Japanese, Korean and Mongolian civilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as Tibet, Baiyue, Khitan, Manchuria, Ryukyu (Okinawa) and Ainu, among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young history in the region after the prehistoric era; originally, it was a major site of Austronesian civilization prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.^[10][11][12] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabularies and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.

Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana),^[13] Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism,^[14] ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, and Christianity, and Musok in Korea.^[15][16][17] Tengerism and Tibetan Buddhism are prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the Manchus.^[18] Major languages in East Asia include Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan), Yamato (Japan) and Koreans (North Korea, South Korea). Mongols, although not as populous as the previous three ethnic groups, constitute the majority of Mongolia's population. There are 76 officially-recognized minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China (including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Zhuang in the frontier regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). Ryukyuan people are an unrecognized ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu Island (Japan) to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.

East Asians comprise around 1.7 billion people, making up about 33% of the population in Continental Asia and 20% of the global population.^{[19][20][21][needs update]} The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Taipei and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km² (120/sq mi).^{[when?][citation needed]}

History

China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed.^[22] The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian Ping-ti Ho famously labeled Chinese civilization as the "Cradle of Eastern Civilization", in parallel with the "Cradle of Middle Eastern Civilization" along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt^[23] as well as the Cradle of Western Civilization encompassing Ancient Greece^[a] and Ancient Rome.^[b]

Chinese civilization existed for about 1,500 years before other East Asian civilizations emerged into history, Imperial China would exert much of its cultural, economic, technological, and political muscle onto its neighbours.^{[39][40][41][42]} Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.^[42][43][44] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.^[45][46][41] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.^[47]

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Han dynasty made China the regional power in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial power on its neighbours.^[42][48] Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.^[49][50] Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang. Chinese influences were transmitted and soon took root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, philosophical schools of thought, and Confucian political institutions.^[51] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting from the fourth century AD, Japan incorporated the Chinese writing system which evolved into Kanji by the fifth century AD and has become a significant part of the Japanese writing system.^[52] Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.^[53] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.^[54][55] The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of Chinese expansionism across the geopolitical confines of East Asia. Similar to its Han predecessor, Tang China reasserted itself as the center of East Asian geopolitical influence during the early medieval period which spearheaded and marked another golden age in Chinese history.^[56] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.^[54][55] In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam and Korea.^[57]

As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the use of written Han characters, Chinese style architecture, state institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.^[54][55][58] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.^[59] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.^[59] During the Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.^[60][61] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono, which was inspired from the Chinese robe (hanfu) during the eighth century AD.^[62] For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.^{[63][64][65][66]}

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.^[39][67] By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.^[68][69] The U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry would open Japan to Western ways, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.^[70][71][72] Around the same time, Japan with its rush to modernity transformed itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East Asia's first industrialised nation in the modern era.^[73][74][71] The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.^[73][75] By the early 1900s, the Japanese empire succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant power.^[75] With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active geopolitical position in East Asia and world affairs at large.^[76] Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War as well as vanquishing imperial rival Russia in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.^{[77][78][79][80][70]} Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea.^[73] During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.^[81] After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of Japan by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and Korea during the Cold War. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival states, while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after the latter lost Mainland China to the People's Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, in addition to the respective handovers of Hong Kong and Macau near the turn of the twentieth century. The onset of the 21st-century in East Asia led to the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while also enhancing its emerging international status as a potential world power reinforced with its aim of restoring its historical established significance and enduring international prominence in the world economy.^{[2][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]} Despite the absence of armed conflicts in East Asia for decades, the stability of the region remains delicate due to the presence of North Korea's nuclear program and Chinese geopolitical encroachment and provocations occurring in Taiwanese waters. These tensions have emerged from the contentious relationship between Mainland China and Taiwan, as the former seeks to reunify with Mainland China while the latter strives to maintain its sovereign independence and preserve the prevailing geopolitical order.

Definitions

In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including Greater China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia.^{[83][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98]}

China, Japan, and Korea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia - as they once shared a common written language, culture, as well as sharing Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by Imperial China.^{[99][100][101][102][103]} Other usages define Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that Japan and Korea.^{[99][103][104][105][106][107]} Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater Chinese sphere of influence. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.^{[108][109][110]} Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.^[108][109] Xinjiang (East Turkestan) and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia.^{[111][112][113]}

Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as the World Bank refer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. Mainland China, Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East, and Siberia.^[114] The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.^[115] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macau, as well as Taiwan, a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation".^[116]

The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,^[118] but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.^[7][119]

Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with Micronesia.^[120][121] Some groups, such as the World Health Organization, categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of Cambodia, as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excluding East Timor and Indonesia).^[122]

Alternative definitions

In business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.^{[citation needed]} On rare occasion, the term is also sometimes taken to include India and other South Asian countries not within the bounds of the Pacific, although the term Indo-Pacific is more commonly used for such a definition.^[123]

Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".^{[124][125][126]} The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.^[115]

Climate

East Asia is home to many climatic zones. It also has unique weather patterns such as the East Asian rainy season and the East Asian Monsoon.^[127]

Climate change

Like the rest of the world, East Asia has been getting warmer due to climate change, and there had been a measurable increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves.^{[129]: 1464} The region is also expected to see the intensification of its monsoon, leading to more flooding.^{[129]: 1459} China has notably embarked on the so-called sponge cities program, where cities are designed to increase the area of green spaces and permeable pavings in order to help deal with flash floods caused by greater precipitation extremes.^{[129]: 1504} Under high-warming scenarios, "critical health thresholds" for heat stress during the 21st century will be at times breached,^{[129]: 1465} in areas like the North China Plain.^[128]

China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are expected to see some of the largest economic losses caused by sea level rise.^[129] The city of Guangzhou is projected to experience the single largest annual economic losses from sea level rise in the world, potentially reaching US$254 million by 2050. Under the highest climate change scenario and in the absence of adaptation, cumulative economic losses caused by sea level rise in Guangzhou would exceed US$1 trillion by 2100.^[129] Shanghai is also expected to experience annual losses of around 1% of the local GDP in the absence of adaptation.^[129] Yangtze River basin is a sensitive and biodiverse ecosystem, yet around 20% of its species may be lost throughout the century under 2 °C (3.6 °F) and ~43% under 4.5 °C (8.1 °F).^{[129]: 1476}

Economy

Customs territory	GDP nominal billions of USD (2023)[1]	GDP nominal per capita USD (2023)[1]	GDP PPP billions of USD (2023)[1]	GDP PPP per capita USD (2023)[1]
People's Republic of China	17,700,899	12,541	32,897,929	23,309
Hong Kong[c]	385,546	51,168	548,999	72,861
Macau[d]	38,480	54,296	69,565	98,157
Japan	4,230,862	33,950	6,495,214	52,120
Mongolia	18,782	5,348	52,989	15,088
North Korea	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
South Korea	1,709,232	33,147	2,924,189	56,709
Taiwan[e]	751,930	32,339	1,685,358	72,485
East Asia	$24,835,731	$15,068	$44,674,243	$27,104

Territorial and regional data

China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan.

Etymology

Flag	Common Name		Official name		ISO 3166 Country Codes[130]
	Exonym	Endonym	Exonym	Endonym	ISO Short Name	Alpha-2 Code	Alpha-3 Code	Numeric
	China	中国	People's Republic of China	中华人民共和国	China	CN	CHN	156
	Hong Kong	香港	Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China	中華人民共和國香港特別行政區	Hong Kong	HK	HKG	344
	Macau	澳門	Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China	中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區	Macao	MO	MAC	446
	Japan	日本	Japan	日本国	Japan	JP	JPN	392
	Mongolia	Монгол улс / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ	Mongolia	Монгол Улс (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ)	Mongolia	MN	MNG	496
	North Korea	조선	Democratic People's Republic of Korea	조선민주주의인민공화국	Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of)	KP	PRK	408
	South Korea	한국	Republic of Korea	대한민국	Korea (the Republic of)	KR	KOR	410
	Taiwan[f]	臺灣 / 台灣	Republic of China	中華民國	Taiwan[130]	TW	TWN	158

Demographics

State/Territory	Area km2	Population in thousands (2023)[131][132]	% of East Asia	% of World	Population density per km2	HDI[133]	Capital/Administrative Centre
China	9,640,011[g]	1,425,671[h]	85.76%	17.72%	138	0.768	Beijing
Hong Kong	1,104	7,492	0.45%	0.093%	6,390	0.952	Hong Kong
Macau	30	704	0.042%	0.0087%	18,662	0.922	Macao
Japan	377,930	123,295	7.42%	1.53%	337	0.925	Tokyo
Mongolia	1,564,100	3,447	0.2%	0.042%	2	0.739	Ulaanbaatar
North Korea	120,538	26,161	1.57%	0.33%	198	0.733[citation needed]	Pyongyang[i]
South Korea	100,210	51,784	3.11%	0.64%	500	0.925	Seoul
Taiwan	36,197	23,923	1.44%	0.297%	639	0.926	Taipei[j]
East Asia	11,840,000	1,662,477	100%	20.66%	141	0.861 (very high)

Ethnic groups

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Eastern_Asia
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

---



---

www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk

---

Ethnicity	Native name	Population	Language(s)	Writing system(s)	Major states/territories*	Traditional attire
Han/Chinese	漢族 or 汉族	1,313,345,856[137]	Chinese (Mandarin, Min, Wu, Yue, Jin, Gan, Hakka, Xiang, Huizhou, Pinghua, etc.)	Simplified Han characters, Traditional Han characters
Yamato/Japanese	大和民族	125,117,000[138]	Japanese	Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana
Korean	조선민족 (朝鮮民族) 한민족 (韓民族)	84,790,105[139][140][141]	Korean	Hangul, Han characters (Hanja)
Bai	白族	2,091,543[142]	Bai, Southwestern Mandarin	Simplified Han characters, Latin script
Hui	回族	11,377,914[142]	Northwestern Mandarin, other Chinese Dialects, Huihui language, etc.	Simplified Han characters[k]
Mongols	Монголчууд ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ Монгол/ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ	8,942,528	Mongolian	Mongol script, Cyrillic script
Zhuang	壮族/Bouxcuengh	19,568,546[142]	Zhuang, Southwestern Mandarin, etc.	Simplified Han characters, Latin script
Uyghurs	维吾尔族/ئۇيغۇر	11,774,538[142]	Uyghur	Arabic alphabet, Latin script	[l]
Manchus	满族/ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ	10,423,303[142]	Northeastern Mandarin, Manchu language	Simplified Han characters, Mongol script
Hmong/Miao