The administrative divisions of China between 1912 and 1949 were established under the regime of the Republic of China government.

Introduction

The Republic of China was founded in 1912. It used most of the same administrative divisions as the Qing dynasty but divided Inner Mongolia into four provinces and set up several municipalities under the authority of the Executive Yuan. After the end of World War II in 1945, Manchuria was reincorporated into the Republic of China as nine provinces. Taiwan and the Penghu were also acquired by the Republic of China and organized into Taiwan Province after Retrocession Day. By this time the top-level divisions consisted of 35 provinces, 12 Yuan-controlled municipalities, one special administrative region and two regions (Outer Mongolia and Tibet).

After the central government's withdrawal from Mainland China during the Chinese Civil War and subsequent relocation to Taiwan in 1949, the jurisdiction of the ROC was restricted to only Taiwan, the Penghu, Hainan, and a few offshore islands of Fujian and Zhejiang. Hainan was captured by the People's Republic of China in May 1950, followed by the unrecognized Tibet in 1951 and Zhejiang in 1955. The remaining area is called the "Free area of the Republic of China" in the ROC Constitution. In most ordinary legislation, the term "Taiwan Area" is used in place of the "Free Area", while Mainland China is referred to as the "Mainland Area."

Provinces

After the Republic of China was established in 1912, it set up four more provinces in Inner Mongolia and two in historic Tibet, bringing the total to 28. In 1931, Ma Zhongying established Hexi in the northern parts of Gansu but the ROC never acknowledged the province. However, China lost four provinces with the establishment of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria. After the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945, China re-incorporated Manchuria as 10 provinces, and assumed control of Taiwan as a province. As a result, the Republic of China in 1946 had 35 provinces.

Other provincial level divisions

Beiyang government (1912–28)

The Beiyang government streamlined the system used in Qing dynasty down to three levels:

• Provinces (省, shěng)
• Circuits (道, dào)
• Counties (縣, xiàn)

The Beiyang government set up four more provinces out of Inner Mongolia and the surrounding areas (Chahar, Rehe, Ningxia, Suiyuan) and two others out of parts of historical Tibet (Chuanbian [fr; zh] (later Xikang) out of Kham and Qinghai out of Amdo; Ü-Tsang was the Dalai Lama's realm at this time and not part of any province), bringing the total number of provinces up to 28.

Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1928)

Division name			Abbreviation		Capital name			Note
Postal	Chinese	Pinyin	Chinese	Pinyin	Postal	Chinese	Pinyin
Provinces (省 Shěng)
Anhwei	安徽	Ānhuī	皖	Wǎn	Anking	安慶	Ānqìng
Chekiang	浙江	Zhèjiāng	浙	Zhè	Hangchow	杭州	Hángzhōu
Chihli	直隸	Zhílì	直	Zhí	Tientsin	天津	Tiānjīn	1914 area around Peking (Beijing) split into Shuntien Prefecture
Fengtien	奉天	Fèngtiān	奉	Fèng	Mukden	瀋陽	Shěnyáng
Fukien	福建	Fújiàn	閩	Mǐn	Foochow	福州	Fúzhōu
Heilungkiang	黑龍江	Hēilóngjiāng	黑	Hēi	Tsitsihar	齊齊哈爾	Qíqíhār	1914 Hulunbuir Region split, 1920 merged back.
Honan	河南	Hénán	豫	Yù	Kaifeng	開封	Kāifēng
Hunan	湖南	Húnán	湘	Xiāng	Changsha	長沙	Chángshā
Hupeh	湖北	Húběi	鄂	È	Wuchang	武昌	Wǔchāng
Kansu	甘肅	Gānsù	隴	Lǒng	Lanchow	蘭州	Lánzhōu
Kiangsi	江西	Jiāngxī	贛	Gàn	Nanchang	南昌	Nánchāng
Kiangsu	江蘇	Jiāngsū	蘇	Sū	Nanking	南京	Nánjīng	1912 area around Nanking (Nanjing) shortly split to a prefecture
Kirin	吉林	Jílín	吉	Jí	Kirin	吉林	Jílín
Kwangsi	廣西	Guǎngxī	桂	Guì	Kweilin	桂林	Guìlín
Kwangtung	廣東	Guǎngdōng	粵	Yuè	Canton	廣州	Guǎngzhōu
Kweichow	貴州	Guìzhōu	黔	Qián	Kweiyang	貴陽	Guìyáng
Shansi	山西	Shānxī	晉	Jìn	Taiyuan	太原	Tàiyuán
Shantung	山東	Shāndōng	魯	Lǔ	Tsinan	濟南	Jǐnán
Shensi	陝西	Shǎnxī	陝	Shǎn	Sian	西安	Xī'ān
Sinkiang	新疆	Xīnjiāng	新	Xīn	Tihwa	迪化	Díhuà	Tihwa was renamed Ürümqi (烏魯木齊) after 1949
Szechwan	四川	Sìchuān	蜀	Shǔ	Chengtu	成都	Chéngdū
Yunnan	雲南	Yúnnán	滇	Diān	Kunming	昆明	Kūnmíng
Areas (地方 Dìfāng)
Capital	京兆	Jīngzhào	京	Jīng				About the place of modern Municipality of Beijing
Inner Mongolia	內蒙古	Nèiménggǔ	內蒙	Nèiméng				Inner Mongolia was divided into several Mongolian leagues and banners. There was no obvious capital. Split into Chahar, Rehe, Suiyuan in 1913–14.
Outer Mongolia	外蒙古	Wàiménggǔ	外蒙	Wàiméng	Khuree	庫倫	Kùlún	Khuree was renamed Ulaan Bator after the independence of Mongolia
Tibet	西藏	Xīzàng	藏	Zàng	Lhasa	拉薩	Lāsà
Tsinghai	青海	Qīnghǎi	青	Qīng	Sining	西寧	Xïníng
Regions (區域 Qūyù)
Altay	阿爾泰	Ā'ěrtài	阿爾泰	Āěrtài	Altay	承化寺	Chénghuàsì	1920 abolished → Sinkiang The Chinese name of the capital 承化寺 was changed to Ālètài (阿勒泰) after 1949.
Hulunbuir	呼倫貝爾	Hūlúnbèi'ěr	呼倫貝爾	Hūlúnbèi'ěr	Hailar	海拉爾	Hǎilā'ěr	1915 created, 1920 abolished → Heilungkiang
Tarbaghatay	塔爾巴哈臺	Tǎ'ěrbāhātái	塔城	Tǎchéng	Tacheng	塔城	Tǎchéng	1912 created, 1916 abolished → Sinkiang
Prefectures (府 Fǔ)
Nanking	南京	Nánjīng	寧	Níng				January 1912 created, February 1912 abolished → Kiangsu
Shuntien	順天	Shùntiān	京	Jīng				May 1914 created from Chihli, renamed Capital Area in October
Special Administrative Regions (特別區 Tèbiéqū)
Chahar	察哈爾	Cháhāěr	察	Chá	Changyuan	張垣	Zhāngyuán	1914 created from Inner Mongolia Changyuan was renamed Zhangjiakou (張家口) after 1949.
Chwanpien [fr; zh]	川邊	Chuānbiān	川邊	Chuānbiān	Kangting	康定	Kāngdìng	1925 renamed to Sikang
Jehol	熱河	Rèhé	熱	Rè	Chengteh	承德	Chéngdé	1914 created from Inner Mongolia
Sikang	西康	Xīkāng	康	Kāng	Kangting	康定	Kāngdìng	1925 renamed from Chwanpien
Suiyuan	綏遠	Suīyuǎn	綏	Suī	Kweisui	歸綏	Guīsuī	1913 created from Inner Mongolia Kweisui was renamed Hohhot (呼和浩特) after 1949
Tungsheng	東省	Dōngshěng	東省	Dōngshěng	Harbin	哈爾濱	Hā'ěrbīn	Land along the Chinese Eastern Railway, spanned from Manzhouli through Harbin to Suifenhe.
Commercial Region (商埠 Shāngbù)
Kiao-ao	膠澳	Jiāo'ào	膠	Jiāo	Tsingtao	青島	Qīngdǎo	Formerly Japanese and German concession. 1925 abolished → Shantung
Sunghu	淞滬	Sōnghù	滬	Hù	Shanghai	上海	Shànghǎi	Status in dispute. Division established by the Zhili clique leader Sun Chuanfang, was not recognized by the central government.

Nationalist Government (1928–49)

The Nationalist government established municipalities (cities directly administered by the central government) and added sub-county levels (like townships.) Circuits were abolished in 1928 as being superfluous. The reforms were impracticable; the average province had more than 50 counties with some with more than a hundred. Some provinces were later subdivided into prefectures.

• Provinces (省, shěng)
  • Administrative superintendent district (行政督察區, xíngzhèng dūcháqū)
• Counties (縣, xiàn)

Four northeast provinces (Fengtian, Heilongjiang, Rehel, Jilin) were lost to Manchukuo, a puppet state of the Empire of Japan, in the 1930s. Counties in multiple provinces were lost to the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931, with most being recovered in 1934 before the Long March.

Following the end of the Second World War in 1945, Manchuria was reincorporated as 9 provinces and 3 municipalities, and Taiwan Province was created by annexing the island of Taiwan and the Penghu islands. By this time there was a total of thirty-five provinces, twelve municipalities (院轄市, yuànxiáshì), one special administrative region (特別行政區, tèbié xíngzhèngqǖ), and two regions (地方, difāng) as first-level divisions.

China recognized the Mongolian People's Republic following the 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, formally relinquishing claims on the province of Outer Mongolia.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)
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Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1928–1949)

Division name			Abbreviation		Capital name			Note
Postal	Chinese	Pinyin	Chinese	Pinyin	Postal	Chinese	Pinyin
Provinces (省 Shěng)
Antung	安東	Āndōng	安	Ān	Tunghwa	通化	Tōnghuà	1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Liaoning)
Anhwei	安徽	Ānhuī	皖	Wǎn	Hofei	合肥	Héféi
Chahar	察哈爾	Cháhāěr	察	Chá	Kalgan	張垣	Zhāngyuán	1928 reformed from a special administrative region Kalgan was renamed Zhangjiakou (張家口) after 1949.
Chekiang	浙江	Zhèjiāng	浙	Zhè	Hangchow	杭州	Hángzhōu
Fukien	福建