Achagua language

Achagua
Achagua
Achawa
Native to	Colombia
Ethnicity	Achagua people
Native speakers	250 (2000)
Language family	Arawakan Northern Upper Amazon Western Nawiki Piapoko Achagua; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	aca Achagua
Glottolog	acha1250 Achagua; pona1251 Ponares
ELP	Achagua

Achagua, or Achawa (Achagua: Achawa), is an Arawakan language spoken in the Meta Department of Colombia, similar to Piapoco. It is estimated that 250 individuals speak the language, many of whom also speak Piapoco or Spanish.^[1]

"Achagua is a language of the Maipurean Arawakan group traditionally spoken by the Achagua people of Venezuela and east-central Colombia."^[2]

A "Ponares" language is inferred from surnames, and may have been Achawa or Piapoco.

There is 1 to 5% literacy in Achagua.^[1]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t		tʃ	k
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d
Nasal		m	n
Fricative			s̪		ʝ		h
Trill			r
Approximant		w		ɭ

/n/ is realized as [ɲ] when preceding palatal consonants.
/k/ is palatalized [kʲ] when preceding /i/.
Sounds /b, d/ are preglottalized [ˀb, ˀd] within accented syllables or after accented syllables.
/b/ is realized as [β] when occurring intervocalically.
?pojem= is realized as [β] when preceding /i/.
/s̪/ is realized as [ʃ] when preceding /i/.
/ʝ/ is heard as an affricate [dʒ] in word-initial positions. It can also be realized as a glide [j] freely in intervocalic positions.
/ɭ/ can be heard as a flap [ɾ] in free variation before /i/.^[3]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e		o
Low		a

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Achagua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Neira, Alonso de. "The Art and Vocabulary of the Achagua Language". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
^ Lozano, Miguel Ángel Meléndez (2000). Esbozo grammatical de la lengua achagua. Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva: Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp. 625–640.

External links

Neira, Alonso de. "Arte y bocabulario de la lengua achagua: Doctrina christiana, confessionario de uno y otro sexo e instrucción de cathecumenos". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Achawa language". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
OLAC resources in and about the Achagua language
Achagua on Native Languages of the Americas
Listen to a sample of Achagua from Global Recordings Network
The Archive of Indigenous Languages of Latin America https://www.ailla.utexas.org/islandora/search/Achagua?type=dismax

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[e18-1] Achagua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Neira, Alonso de. "The Art and Vocabulary of the Achagua Language". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2013-05-23.

[3] Lozano, Miguel Ángel Meléndez (2000). Esbozo grammatical de la lengua achagua. Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva: Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp. 625–640.

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[2]

[3]

Achagua
Achawa
Native to	Colombia
Ethnicity	Achagua people
Native speakers	250 (2000)^[1]
Language family	Arawakan Northern Upper Amazon Western Nawiki Piapoko Achagua
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`aca` Achagua
Glottolog	`acha1250` Achagua `pona1251` Ponares
ELP	Achagua