A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
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| Host city | Calgary, Canada |
|---|---|
| Motto | Come Together in Calgary (French: Rassemblez-vous à Calgary) |
| Nations | 57 |
| Athletes | 1,423 (1,122 men, 301 women) |
| Events | 46 in 6 sports (10 disciplines) |
| Opening | February 13, 1988 |
| Closing | February 28, 1988 |
| Opened by | |
| Cauldron | |
| Stadium | McMahon Stadium |
Winter Summer | |
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| Part of a series on |
| 1988 Winter Olympics |
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The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games (French: XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Calgary 1988 (Blackfoot: Mohkínsstsisi 1988; Stoney: Wîchîspa Oyade 1988 or Wenchi Ispase 1988; Cree: Otôskwanihk 1988/ᐅᑑᐢᑿᓂᕽ 1988; Sarsi: Guts’ists’i 1988; Kutenai: ʔaknuqtapȼik’ 1988; Slave: Klincho-tinay-indihay 1988), were a multi-sport event held from February 13 to 28, 1988, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It was the first Winter Olympic Games to be held for 15 days, like the counterpart Summer Olympic Games.[2] The majority of the contested events took place in Calgary itself. However, the skiing events were held west of the city at the Nakiska ski resort in Kananaskis Country[3][4] and the Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park in the town of Canmore.[5]
In 1988, a record 57 National Olympic Committees (NOC) sent a total of 1,423 athletes to these Games.[2] These Winter Olympics would be the last attended one for both the Soviet Union and East Germany NOCs. Just like the 1976 Summer Olympics, Canada failed again to win a gold medal in an official medal event on home soil. The Finnish ski jumper, Matti Nykänen,[6][7] and the Dutch speed skater, Yvonne van Gennip,[8][9] won three individual gold medals each. The 1988 Winter Olympics were also remembered for the "heroic failure" of both the British ski jumper, Michael Edwards, and the debut of the Jamaica national bobsleigh team. Both of them became subjects of major feature films about their participation in these Games: Cool Runnings by Walt Disney Pictures in 1993[10] and Eddie the Eagle by 20th Century Studios in 2016.[11]
At approximately C$829 million, the Calgary Games were one of the most expensive Olympics ever held at the time. The facilities that were built for these Winter Olympics helped the Calgary region turn into the heart of Canada's elite winter sports program, under the tutelage of WinSport.[12] The five purpose-built venues for those Games continued to be used mostly for training and hosting various winter sporting events every year. These experiences helped Canada develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympics competition. The climax of this effort was the overall first-place finish at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia.[13]
Host city selection
| City | Country | Round 1 | Round 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calgary |  Canada |
35 | 48 |
| Falun |  Sweden |
25 | 31 |
| Cortina d'Ampezzo |  Italy |
18 | — |
Calgary made its fourth attempt at hosting the Winter Games when it bid for the 1988 Winter Olympic Games, which also marked Canada's seventh bid for the Winter Olympic Games. Montreal made the first Canadian bid for the Winter Games in 1956 and won the rights to host the 1976 Summer Olympics, and Vancouver made attempts to host the 1976 and 1980 Games. Calgary, alongside neighbouring Banff, under the leadership of the Calgary Olympic Development Association (CODA), submitted bids for the Winter Games in 1964, 1968, and 1972.[15][16][17] However, CODA went dormant in 1966 after losing three consecutive bids. In 1978, Frank King and Bob Niven of Calgary's Booster Club took over the organization's leadership and revived CODA.[18][17][19][20] King and Niven consulted former Olympic Sprinter and CODA founder, Ernie McCullough, and politician Arthur Ryan Smith, who had worked on previous bids, for guidance on the project.[16]
In October 1979, CODA secured the Canadian Olympic Association's (COA) support for Canada's official bid to host the 1988 Winter Olympics, winning over a competing bid by Vancouver with a vote of 27–9.[17][21] Calgary's bid was at the time the most ambitious for the Winter Olympics ever, as the city lacked winter sports facilities and almost everything would have to be built from scratch. CODA proposed constructing all new venues, arguing that if Calgary was awarded the Games, Canada's inventory of training facilities would increase significantly.[17] The Vancouver bidding committee argued that Calgary's bid represented a "Big-ticket Games" idea, and estimated to cost nearly three times what Vancouver was expected to pay to host the Winter Olympics.[17][22] Vancouver's bid was based on already developed infrastructure, including the Expo 86 precinct, the Pacific Coliseum and Whistler Blackcomb, which later served as the basis for the successful 2010 Winter Olympics bid and the later 2030 Winter Olympic bid.[23]
CODA then spent two years building local support for the megaproject, selling CA$5 memberships to approximately 80,000 of Calgary's 600,000 residents.[14][17][24] Calgary also secured CA$270 million in funding from the federal (CA$200 million) and provincial governments.[19] Some civic leaders, including then-mayor Ralph Klein, travelled around the world to lobby IOC delegates.[19] The arrival of the National Hockey League's (NHL) newly relocated Calgary Flames from Atlanta in 1980 drove the city to construct a new arena that would later be named the Olympic Saddledome, demonstrating to the IOC Calgary's determination to host the Winter Olympics.[25]
The Olympic bid itself emphasized the unique cultural and natural characteristics who mark the Calgary Metropolitan Region and the Alberta Province and also canadian prairies landscapes, as a perfect places for hosting the Winter Olympics. At the bidding documents,the city was marketed with a capitalist, oil-driven and vibrant economy that also had mountain playgrounds, extensive wilderness, and a rodeo culture .[26] When the two images of Calgary and Alberta were brougt together,they at the first sight could seemed to be contrasting, but at the same time they complemented each other as part of extensive and intense bidding lobby process.[26]
Calgary was one of three finalists on 1988 Winter Olympics bid process. The other two were Falun, Sweden, and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.[17] The Italian town (comune) had before hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics and was seeing for many the favorite.[19] The vote was held on September 30, 1981, in Baden-Baden, West Germany, during the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress.[17] After Cortina d'Ampezzo was eliminated in the first round of balloting, Calgary won in the second and final round of balloting over Falun, by a margin of 17 votes.[14] The announcement of CODA's victory sent the delegates in Baden-Baden and Calgary residents into singing and dancing.[27] It also made then Alberta premier, Peter Lougheed, burst openly into tears in front of the cameras. Later, Ralph Klein sang a rendition of Mac Davis' It's Hard to Be Humble.[28] It was the first Winter Olympics awarded to Canada and the second Olympic Games overall, following the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.[2] Cortina d'Ampezzo, along with Milan, would get to host the 2026 Winter Olympics.[29] The town will be the fourth to host the Winter Olympics twice, along with St. Moritz (1928 and 1948), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980), and Innsbruck (1964 and 1976).
Olympic historians, John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle noted that once the Games were awarded to Calgary, the cultural and community aspects of the bid were pushed aside by the newly formed Calgary Olympic organizing committee called the Olympiques Calgary Olympics '88 (OCO'88). It then proceeded to take on a "vigorous, resilient, and impersonal corporate business strategy" based in the work made by Los Angeles 1984 Organizing Committee (LAOCOG) toward the planning and operation of the Games.[26]
Venues
Bill Pratt was a former general contractor who took over as OCO'88 president in 1983. He was the main manager that oversaw the construction of the Olympic megaproject. Donald Jacques, a former general manager of the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede, once said, "Because of him, everything was built on time and on budget." However, Bill Pratt was controversial by rubbing many of his colleagues the wrong way. One former co-worker once predicted back in 1983: "He will get everything built. There may not be many (of us) left around to enjoy it, but he'll get it done." His relations with the news media were also strained at times. He had barely settled into his new position when the Calgary press media began criticizing OCO'88 for excessive secrecy and for awarding Olympic contracts to Calgary's PR firm Francis Williams and Johnson Ltd.[31] Pratt was a director of that firm, before accepting the organizing committee job. OCO'88 had insisted that there was no conflict of interest involved in the whole process. Therefore, Pratt declared: "I have been nailed for a lot, but that does not bother me. The record stands".[28] After the 1988 Winter Olympics bid was won in 1981, OCO'88 made a new technical assessment and had to re-plan all the originally proposed competition venues except for the few that already existed and were within the campus of the University of Calgary.[32]
McMahon Stadium, the primary outdoor facility used mainly by the Canadian Football League's (CFL) Calgary Stampeders and inside of the University of Calgary and had originally been chosen to host only the opening ceremonies and the Saddledome was chosen to be the place of the closing ceremonies. But due to the huge demand for tickets, the Organizing Committee decided to move the closing ceremony to the Stadium which held twice the capacity of the Saddledome.[33] The last time that the two Winter Olympic ceremonies were held at the same venue was at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California.[34]
The 1988 Winter Olympics' five main all-purpose venues were created at a significant cost at that time.[35] Three of them are located within Calgary and the other two are located west of the city. First, the Olympic Saddledome was planned to be the main venue of the games,hosting ice hockey and figure skating finals.This arena is also part of Stampede Park and was expected to cost C$83 million, but a cost overrun pushed it to nearly C$100 million.[34] Second, the Olympic Oval was built on the campus of the University of Calgary for C$40 million. <refname="FindlingPelle1996p.313"/>Contrary to what was proposed in the bid in which this infrastructure would be outdoors, throughout the process it was realized that it would have to be 100% covered and is the first fully enclosed 400-metre long track speed skating in the world, to protect the athletes and public from bitterly cold weather and the Chinook winds.[36] Third, Canada Olympic Park (formerly called the Paskapoo Ski Hill) was renovated for C$200 million and is located on the western outskirts of Calgary. This most expensive venue of these Winter Olympics hosted the men's bobsleigh, luge, and men's ski jumping and its portion of the Nordic combined events.[34] Also, it hosted some events of the demonstration sport of freestyle skiing.
From the west of Calgary, the other two main all-purpose venues were built at the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. First, the Canmore Nordic Centre was 90% funded by the province of Alberta, for C$17.3 million.[37] It is located beside the town of Canmore and it hosted cross-country skiing, plus its men's portion of the Nordic combined, and the men's biathlon events.Was projected that the area could become a year-round destination for Albertans, by facilitating and accelerate Canmore's economic transition away from coal mining to tourist attraction.[37][38] However, the Nakiska (Cree meaning "to meet") ski resort was the most controversial and polemic complex built for these Winter Olympics.[36] It is located on Mount Allan (inside Kananaskis Country) and it hosted the alpine skiing events.It cost around C$25 million to Alberta government funds. This venue drew a lot of criticisms because of the various environmental concerns,the rejection by International Ski Federation (FIS) of slopes for each of the 10 events in the program and the use of artificial snow due the lack of natural snow on that season.[32][39] After the first inspections,the International Ski Federation (FIS) officials noted the venue's lack of technical difficulties needed for the Olympic competition.[36] Therefore, these FIS delegates proposed some major changes in the slopes in an action to cause bigger difficulties. These modifications were met with praise from Olympic alpine skiing competitors.[40] Like at Canada Olympic Park, this venue also hosted some freestyle skiing events as a demonstration sport.
Three other existing facilities served as secondary competition venues for the Games. The first one, was the Max Bell Centre hosted the demonstration sports of curling and short track speed skating. The Father David Bauer Olympic Arena and the Stampede Corral shared the functions of secondary venues for the ice hockey tournament and the figure skating preliminaries.[34] Though the Stampede Corral did not support the International Ice Hockey Federation's (IIHF) standard-sized Olympic ice surface, OCO'88 was able to convince the IIHF to sanction the ice rink for Olympic competition, in exchange for a C$1.2 million payment.[36]
Participating National Olympic Committees
A record 57 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) entered athletes at the 1988 Winter Olympics, with eight more NOCs than any other previous Olympic Winter Games.[41] 1,122 men and 301 women, for a total of 1,423 athletes, participated in these Games.[2] Fiji, Guam, Guatemala, Jamaica, the Netherlands Antilles and the Virgin Islands had their Winter Olympics debut in 1988.
| Participating National Olympic Committees[b] |
|---|
|
Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees
| IOC | Country | Athletes |
|---|---|---|
| USA |  United States |
118 |
| CAN |  Canada |
113 |
| URS |  Soviet Union |
102 |
| FRG |  West Germany |
90 |
| AUT |  Austria |
81 |
| NOR |  Norway |
80 |
| SUI |  Switzerland |
70 |
| FRA |  France |
68 |
| SWE |  Sweden |
67 |
| TCH |  Czechoslovakia |
59 |
| ITA |  Italy |
58 |
| GDR |  East Germany |
53 |
| FIN |  Finland |
53 |
| JPN |  Japan |
48 |
| GBR |  Great Britain |
47 |
| KOR |  South Korea |
33 |
| POL |  Poland |
33 |
| BUL |  Bulgaria |
31 |
| AUS |  Australia |
24 |
| NED |  Netherlands |
23 |
| YUG |  Yugoslavia |
22 |
| CHN |  China |
20 |
| ARG |  Argentina |
16 |
| ROM |  Romania |
14 |
| TPE |  Chinese Taipei |
13 |
| LIE |  Liechtenstein |
13 |
| ESP |  Spain |
13 |
| MEX |  Mexico |
12 |
| NZL |  New Zealand |
11 |
| PUR |  Puerto Rico |
10 |
| TUR |  Turkey |
8 |
| ISV |  Virgin Islands |
8 |
| BOL |  Bolivia |
7 |
| GRE |  Greece |
7 |
| GUA |  Guatemala |
7 |
| CHI |  Chile |
6 |
| HUN |  Hungary |
6 |
| PRK |  North Korea |
6 |
| POR |  Portugal |
5 |
| SMR |  San Marino |
5 |
| AND |  Andorra |
4 |
| BEL |  Belgium |
4 |
| JAM |  Jamaica |
4 |
| LIB |  Lebanon |
4 |
| MON |  Monaco |
4 |
| CYP |  Cyprus |
3 |
| ISL |  Iceland |
3 |
| IND |  India |
3 |
| MGL |  Mongolia |
3 |
| MAR |  Morocco |
3 |
| AHO |  Netherlands Antilles |
3 |
| CRC |  Costa Rica |
2 |
| DEN |  Denmark |
1 |
| FIJ |  Fiji |
1 |
| GUM |  Guam |
1 |
| LUX |  Luxembourg |
1 |
| PHI |  Philippines |
1 |
| Total | 1,423 |
Sports
There were 46 events contested in 6 sports (10 disciplines). In addition, there were 22 events in 4 demonstration sports and disciplines that have no official status in the overall medal tally.
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Calendar
- All dates are in Mountain Time Zone (UTC-7)
| OC | Opening ceremony | ● | Event competitions | 1 | Event finals | CC | Closing ceremony |
