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Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont Fürstentum Waldeck und Pyrmont | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1180–1918 | |||||||||||
Anthem: "Mein Waldeck" | |||||||||||
Status | State of the Holy Roman Empire State of the Confederation of the Rhine State of the German Confederation State of the North German Confederation State of the German Empire | ||||||||||
Capital | Waldeck (to 1655) Arolsen (from 1655) 51°22′N 9°1′E / 51.367°N 9.017°E | ||||||||||
Common languages | German | ||||||||||
Religion | United Protestant: Evangelical State Church of Waldeck and Pyrmont | ||||||||||
Government | Principality | ||||||||||
Prince | |||||||||||
• 1712–1728 | Friedrich Anton Ulrich (first) | ||||||||||
• 1893–1918 | Friedrich (last) | ||||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||
• Established as a County | 1180 | ||||||||||
• Became Reichsgraf (immediate count) | 1349 | ||||||||||
• Succeeded to Pyrmont | 1625 | ||||||||||
• Raised to Imp. Principality | January 1712 | ||||||||||
• Administered by Prussia | 1868 | ||||||||||
1918 | |||||||||||
• Subsumed into Prussia | 1929 | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1848 | 56,000[1] | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Today part of | Germany |
The County of Waldeck (later the Principality of Waldeck and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929. In 1349 the county gained Imperial immediacy and in 1712 was raised to the rank of principality. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 it was a constituent state of its successors: the Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, and the German Empire. After the abolition of the monarchy in 1918, the renamed Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont became a component of the Weimar Republic until divided between Hannover and other Prussian provinces in 1929. It comprised territories in present-day Hesse and Lower Saxony (Germany).
History
The noble family of the Counts of Waldeck and the later Princes of Waldeck and Pyrmont were male line descendants of the Counts of Schwalenberg (based at Schwalenberg Castle), ultimately descendent from Widekind I of Schwalenberg (reigned 1127-1136/7). Waldeck Castle, overlooking the Eder river at Waldeck, is first attested in 1120. A branch of the family was named after the castle in 1180, when Volkwin II of Schwalenberg acquired the castle through his marriage with Luitgard, daughter of Count Poppo I of Reichenbach and Hollende , who was heiress of Waldeck. Over time, the family built up a small lordship in modern day North Hesse.
County of Waldeck
Initially, Waldeck was a fief of the Electorate of Mainz. In 1379, it became the County of Reichslehen.[2] After the death of Count Henry VI in 1397, the family split into two lines: the senior Landau line founded by Adolph III and the junior Waldeck line founded by Henry VII, which sometimes feuded with one another. The two lines came under the sovereignty of the Landgraviate of Hesse in 1431 and 1438 respectively, due to financial difficulties and the final victory of the Landgraviate over Mainz in 1427, which led to the transfer of the County of Ziegenhain to Hesse. The Landgraves levied tribute on the Counts of Waldeck in exchange for forgiving their debts to them and taking on all their debts to others.[3]
After the death of Henry VIII in 1486, the Waldeck line split once more, into the Waldeck-Wildungen and Waldeck-Eisenberg lines. The senior Landau line ended with the death of Otto IV in 1495 and its possessions passed to the Wildungen and Eisenberg lines. In 1526 and 1529, Philip IV of Waldeck-Wildungen and Philip III of Waldeck-Eisenberg converted their respective principalities to Lutheranism. Several partitions led to the creation of further lines, but these were reunited by the new Wildung line in 1692.
In 1626, the family also inherited the County of Pyrmont and thereafter called themselves "Counts of Waldeck and Pyrmont." The two counties of Waldeck and Pyrmont were physically separated and were not united into a single legal entity until the 19th century.
In 1639, Count Philip Dietrich of Waldeck from the new Eisenberg line, inherited the County of Culemborg in Gelderland along with the counties of Werth (Isselburg) in Münsterland, Pallandt , and Wittem. The Lordship of Tonna in Thüringen, a fief of the Dukes of Saxe-Altenburg was inherited by Waldeck-Pyrmont in 1640, but sold to Duke Frederick I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1677. Waldeck remained the main residence of the county until 1655, when the residence was shifted from Waldeck to Arolsen. Philip Dietrich was succeeded in 1664 by his brother Count George Frederick, whose full title was "Count and Lord of Waldeck, Pyrmont, and Cuylenburg, Lord of Tonna, Paland, Wittem, Werth." In 1682, he was promoted by Emperor Leopold I to the status of "Prince of Waldeck", with Imperial immediacy. His four sons all predeceased him, so on 12 June 1685, he made a contract with his cousin, Christian Louis of the new Wildung line, to transfer the whole Waldeck patrimony to him and for it to be inherited by primogeniture thereafter. This agreement was confirmed by Emperor Leopold in 1697. After George Frederick's death in 1692, Christian Louis became the sole ruler of the entire principality.
The County of Cuylenburg and the Lordship of Werth were lost in 1714, owing to the marriage of George Frederick's second daughter, Sophia Henriette (1662-1702) to Ernest of Saxe-Hildeburghausen.
Principality of Waldeck (1712-1848)
On 6 January 1712, Frederick Anthony Ulrich of Waldeck and Pyrmont was elevated to prince by Emperor Charles VI. During the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783, Prince Frederick Carl Augustus provided three regiments to the British for the war in America in exchange for payment. A total of 1,225 Waldeck soldiers fought in America.
The principality was caught up in the Napoleonic Wars and in 1807 it joined the Confederation of the Rhine,[4] but not the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia. Waldeck was required to guarantee equal rights of worship to its Catholic citizens and supply 400 soldiers in case of a campaign. For a brief period, from 1806 until 1812, Pyrmont was a separate principality as a result of the partition of the territory between the brothers Frederick and George, but the territories were reunited after Frederick's death.
The independence of the principality was confirmed in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, and Waldeck and Pyrmont became a member of the German Confederation. In 1832 it joined the Zollverein. In 1847, on Prussian initiative, the sovereignty of Hesse-Kassel over Waldeck (and Schaumburg-Lippe) was finally revoked by the Federal Convention of the Confederation. This had been the case de facto since Waldeck joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1807, but the ruling meant that Hesse-Kassel lost the right to claim the territory in escheat.
Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont (1849-1918)
Since 1645, Waldeck had been in a personal union with the County (later Principality) of Pyrmont . Beginning in 1813, the prince strove to unite the two territories legally into the Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont. However, political opposition meant that this did not take place until 1849. Even after the unification, Pyrmont retained its own tiny Landtag for budgetary matters until 1863/64. In 1849-1850, Waldeck was divided into three districts: the District of the Eder , the of Eisenberg and the District of the Twiste .
On 1 August 1862, Waldeck-Pyrmont concluded a military convention with Prussia. As a result, Waldeck-Pyrmont fought on the Prussian side in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and thus avoided annexation at the war's end - unlike the neighbouring Electorate of Hesse. However, the small, cash-strapped principality could not afford to pay its contributions to the new North German Confederation, so the principality's Landtag unanimously voted to reject the North German Constitution in order to pressure the prince into signing an accession treaty Prussia. Bismarck had previously ruled out unification with Prussia on grounds of prestige. Therefore, under the treaty that Waldeck-Pyrmont and Prussia signed in October 1867, the principality remained nominally independent and retained its legislative sovereignty, but from 1 January 1868 Prussian took control of the principality's state deficit, internal administration, judiciary, and schools. Thereafter, Prussia appointed a State Director formally with the agreement of the prince. Appellate jurisdiction for Waldeck was exercised by the Prussian state court (Landgericht) in Kassel and for Pyrmont by the state court in Hannover. The prince retained control over the administration of the church, the prerogative of mercy, and the right of veto over new laws. He also continued to receive the income from his domains.[5] Prussian administration served to reduce administrative costs for the small state and was based on a ten-year contract that was repeatedly renewed for the duration of its existence. The situation continued in 1871, when the principality became a constituent state of the new German Empire. In 1905, Waldeck and Pyrmont had an area of 1121 km2 and a population of 59,000.
The princely house of Waldeck and Pyrmont is closely related to the royal family of the Netherlands. The last ruling prince, Frederick, was the brother of Queen Consort Emma of the Netherlands.
Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont (1919-1929)
On 13 November 1918, at the end of World War I, during the German Revolution that resulted in the fall of all the German monarchies, a representative of the revolutionary workers' and soldiers' council of Kassel came to Waldeck and declared that the monarchy was abolished. The principality became the Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont within the Weimar Republic. However, no new constitution was produced, so the monarchical constitution of 1849/1852 remained in force de jure until 1929.[6] The terms of the treaty with Prussia also remained in force. Following a referendum, Pyrmont was separated from Waldeck on 30 November 1921 and joined Prussia, becoming part of the new Hameln-Pyrmont district of the Province of Hanover.[7] After this, the territory was simply the Free State of Waldeck.
The remaining territory continued to be governed according to the 1867 treaty with Prussia until it was cancelled in 1926. On 9 April 1927, the federal Financial Equalisation act (Finanzausgleichsgesetz) was amended. For Waldeck, this meant that its allocation of federal tax income was reduced by almost 600,000 Reichsmarks. Without a massive rise in local taxes, the Free State was no longer financially viable. Therefore on 1 April 1929, the state was abolished and became part of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau. This marked the end of Waldeck's existence as a sovereign state.
Developments since 1929
When Waldeck joined Prussia in 1929, the three districts into which Waldeck had been divided in 1849-1850 (Eder, Eisenberg, and Twiste) were initially retained. Additionally, Höringhausen and Eimelrod, which had been exclaves of Prussia surrounded by Waldeck since 1866, were joined to Eisenberg district. In 1932, the federal government merged Eder and Eisenberg districts. The district of the Twiste was to be merged with the neighbouring district of Wolfhagen on 1 April 1934, but this was delayed after the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. A law of 28 February 1934 reversed the merger of Eder and Eisenberg and definitively cancelled the planned merger of Twiste and Wolfhagen.
On 1 February 1942, the three districts of Waldeck were merged into the new Waldeck district , which had its capital at Korbach. This new district had roughly the same borders as the old Free State. It was made part of Greater Hesse in 1945, which became the state of Hesse in the modern Federal Republic of Germany in 1946. On 1 August 1972, the city of Volkmarsen was separated from the district of Wolfhagen and reassigned to Waldeck. During the reform of the districts of Hesse in 1974, Waldeck was merged with the neighbouring district of Frankeberg to from the new district of Waldeck-Frankenberg, while the city of Züschen became a suburb of Fritzlar in Schwalm-Eder-Kreis.
Military
Waldeck had raised a battalion of infantry in 1681 but for much of the subsequent history leading up to the Napoleonic Wars, Waldeckers generally served as what is commonly described as 'mercenaries', but was actually 'auxiliaries' hired out by the rulers of Waldeck for foreign service. Such was the demand that the single battalion became two in 1740 (the 1st Regiment), three battalions in 1744, four in 1767 (forming a 2nd Regiment). Most notably the foreign service was with the Dutch (the 1st and 2nd Regiments) and British (after an agreement was signed with Great Britain in 1776 to supply troops for the American War of Independence, the 3rd Waldeck Regiment, of a single battalion, was raised). The 3rd Waldeck Regiment thus served in America, where they were known under the 'umbrella term' used during that conflict for all Germans—'Hessians'. The regiment, which was made up of 4 'Battalion companies', a 'Grenadier' company, staff and a detachment of artillery, was captured by French and Spanish troops supporting the Americans and only a small number returned to Germany, where some formed part of a newly raised 5th Battalion (1784).
By the time of Napoleon's conquest of Germany, the Waldeck regiments in Dutch service had been dissolved when, as the Batavian Republic, the country was made into a kingdom ruled by Napoleon's brother Louis. Reduced to battalion strength, they now formed the 3rd battalions of the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments of the Kingdom of Holland. The 5th Battalion was disbanded, and Waldeck was now also obliged to provide two companies to the II Battalion, 6th German Confederation (i.e., Confederation of the Rhine) Regiment (along with two companies from Reuß) in the service of the French Empire. As with all French infantry, they were referred to as 'Fusiliers'. They served mainly in the Peninsular War against the Duke of Wellington. In 1812, the 6th Confederation Regiment was re-formed, with three companies from Waldeck and one from Reuß again forming the II Battalion. By the time of the downfall of the French Empire in 1814 the battalions in Dutch service had disappeared, but Waldeck now supplied three Infantry and one Jäger Companies to the newly formed German Confederation.
By 1866, the Waldeck contingent was styled Fürstlisches Waldecksches Füselier-Bataillon, and in the Austro-Prussian War of that year Waldeck (already in a military convention with Prussia from 1862) allied with the Prussians; however the battalion saw no action. Joining the North German Confederation after 1867, under Prussian leadership, the Waldeck Fusilier Battalion became the III (Fusilier) Battalion of the Prussian Infantry Regiment von Wittich (3rd Electoral Hessian) No. 83, and as such it remained until 1918. The position of regimental 'Chef' (an honorary title) was held by the Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont.
Unlike Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) retained no distinctions to differentiate them from the Prussian. The Waldeckers however, were permitted the distinction of carrying the Cockade of Waldeck on the Pickelhaube. The Waldeck battalion was garrisoned, at various times, at Arolsen/Mengeringhausen/Helsen, Bad Wildungen, Bad Pyrmont and Warburg.
The regiment saw action in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 (where it acquired the nickname Das Eiserne Regiment), and during the First World War—as part of the 22nd Division—fought mainly on the Eastern Front.
Gallery of castles
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Castle Waldeck, Hesse
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Friedrichstein Castle at Bad Wildungen
Rulers of Waldeck
Partitions of Waldeck under Waldeck rule
County of Pyrmont (1189-1494) | ||||
County of Waldeck (1107-1486) |
County of Schwalenberg (1220-1356) |
County of Sternberg (1255-1402) | ||
County of Landau (1st creation) (1397-1495) |
||||
Waldeck renamed County of Wildungen (1st creation, Waldeck line) (1486-1598) | ||||
Inherited by Spiegelberg family (1494-1557); House of Lippe (1557-1583); Gleichen family (1583-1625) | ||||
County of Landau (2nd creation) (1539-1579) |
||||
County of Eisenberg (1475-1682) Raised to Principality of Eisenberg (1682-1692) |
County of Wildungen (2nd creation, Eisenberg line) (1607-1692) | |||
County of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1692-1712) (Wildungen (Eisenberg) line) Raised to Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1712-1918) |
County of Bergheim (1706-1918) |
Table of rulers
Ruler | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Widekind I | c.1090? Nephew of Bernard, Count of Hardenhausen |
1107 – 11 June 1137 | County of Waldeck (at Schwalenberg until 1127) |
Lutrud of Itter (d. bef. 2 March 1149) five children |
11 June 1137 aged 46-47? |
Brothers and first known ruling members of the family. | |
Volkwin I | c.1090? Nephew of Bernard, Count of Hardenhausen |
1107-1111 | County of Waldeck (at Schwalenberg) |
Unknown | c.1111 aged c.20-21? | ||
Regency of Lutrud of Itter (1137-1139) | Children of Widekind, divided their inheritance. | ||||||
Volkwin II | 1125 First son of Widekind I and Lutrud of Itter |
11 June 1137 – 1178 | County of Waldeck | Luitgard of Reichenbach (d. aft. 1161) 1144 (annulled 1161) five children |
1178 aged 52-53 | ||
Widekind II | 1148 Second son of Widekind I and Lutrud of Itter |
1178-1189 | County of Pyrmont | Unknown three children |
1189 aged 40-41 | ||
Widekind III | 1162 First son of Volkwin II and Luitgard of Reichenbach |
1178-1190 | County of Waldeck (at Schwalenberg) |
Unknown three children |
c.1190 aged 27-28 |
Sons of Volkwin II, divided the inheritance, but most of it was quickly reunited with Waldeck. | |
Herman I | 1163 Second son of Volkwin II and Luitgard of Reichenbach |
1178-1225 | County of Waldeck (at Schwalenberg) |
Unmarried | 1225 aged 61-62 | ||
Henry I | c.1165 Third son of Volkwin II and Luitgard of Reichenbach |
1178-1214 | County of Waldeck | Heseke of Dassel (d. 25 July 1220) five children |
1214 aged 48-49 | ||
Schwalenberg annexed to Waldeck | |||||||
Gottschalk I | c.1170? Son of Widekind II |
1189-1247 | County of Pyrmont | Kunigunde of Limmer (d.1239) six children |
1247 aged 76-77? |
||
Adolph I | c.1190 First son of Henry I and Heseke of Dassel |
1214 – 3 October 1270 | County of Waldeck | Sophie (d.1254) two children Ethelind of Lippe (1204-1273) 14 February 1254 no children |
3 October 1270 aged 79-80? |
Children of Henry I, divided the land. Adolph associated his eldest son to his rule, but he predeceased him. | |
Henry III[8] | 1225 Son of Adolph I and Sophie |
c.1250-1267 | Matilda of Cuyk-Arnsberg c.1240? four children |
1267 aged 41-42 | |||
Volkwin III | c.1190 Second son of Henry I and Heseke of Dassel |
1214-1255 | County of Schwalenberg | Ermengard of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg (d.22 March 1274) 14 February 1254 twelve children |
c.1255 aged 64-65 | ||
Gottschalk II | c.1220? First son of Gottschalk I and Kunigunde of Limmer |
1247-1262 | County of Pyrmont | Beatrice of Hallermund (d.1272) five children |
1262 aged 41-42 |
Children of Gottschalk I, ruled jointly. | |
Herman I | c.1220? Second son of Gottschalk I and Kunigunde of Limmer |
1247 – May 1265 | Hedwig (d.20 June 1262) two children |
May 1265 aged 44-45 | |||
Widekind I | c.1240 First son of Volkwin III and Ermengard of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg |
1255 – 28 September 1264 | County of Schwalenberg | Unknown c. 1246 Ermengard c. 1250 Unknown c. 1260 two children (in total) |
28 September 1264 aged 23-24 |
Elder children of Volkwin III, divided the land. Widekind didn't have children and his part was inherited by his younger brothers, while Henry I ruled independently at Sternberg and passed it to his own descendants. | |
Henry I | c.1240 Second son of Volkwin III and Ermengard of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg |
1255-1279 | County of Sternberg | ? of Woldenberg two children |
1279 aged 38-39 | ||
Adolph | c.1250? Third son of Volkwin III and Ermengard of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg |
28 September 1264 – 26 January 1305 | County of Schwalenberg | Adelaide (d.6 July 1274) Jutta (d.1 April 1305) |
26 January 1305 aged 54-55 |
Younger children of Volkwin III, ruled jointly in Schwalenberg. | |
Albert | c.1250? Fourth son of Volkwin III and Ermengard of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg |
28 September 1264 – 1317 | Jutta of Rosdorf (d.aft.1 April 1305) 14 February 1254 twelve children |
1317 aged 66-67? | |||
Herman II | c.1240? First son of Gottschalk II and Beatrice of Hallermund |
May 1265 – 25 November 1328 | County of Pyrmont | Luitgard of Waldeck-Schwalenberg (d.14 September 1317) five children |
25 November 1328 aged 87-88? |
Children of Gottschalk II and Herman I, ruled jointly. Herman III was a son of Herman I, and cousin of the other two rulers, sons of Gottschalk I. | |
Gottschalk III | c.1240? Second son of Gottschalk II and Beatrice of Hallermund |
May 1265 – 1279 | Unmarried | 1279 aged 38-39? | |||
Herman III | c.1240? Third son of Gottschalk II and Beatrice of Hallermund |
c.1265 | c.1265 aged 24-25? | ||||
Adolph II | 1258 First son of Henry III and Matilda of Cuyk-Arnsberg |
3 October 1270 – 1276 | County of Waldeck | Unmarried | 13 December 1302 aged 43-44 |
Abdicated in 1276 to his brother Otto, after a dispute with him and his other brothers on who would marry Sophia of Hesse, daughter of Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse, which Otto won, resulting in Adolph's resignation. Entering in clergy, Adolph eventually became Bishop of Liège (1301-1302). | |
Otto I | 1262 Third son of Henry III and Matilda of Cuyk-Arnsberg |
1276 – 11 November 1305 | County of Waldeck | Sophia of Hesse 1276 nine children |
11 November 1305 aged 42-43 |
Inherited the county as prize from his brothers after being chosen to marry Sophia of Hesse. | |
Hoyer I | 1252 Son of Henry I and ? of Woldenberg |
1279 – 28 October 1299 | County of Sternberg | Agnes of Lippe c.1270? five children |
28 October 1299 aged 46-47 |
||
Henry II | c.1270? Son of Hoyer I and Agnes of Lippe |
28 October 1299 – 8 January 1318 | County of Sternberg | Jutta of Tecklenburg (d.bef. 8 January 1318) five children |
8 January 1318 aged 47-48 |
||
Henry IV[9] | 1282 Son of Otto I and Sophia of Hesse |
11 November 1305 – 1 May 1348 | County of Waldeck | Adelaide of Cleves (d.1327) 1304 six children |
1 May 1348 aged 65-66 |
||
Henry II[10] | 1287 Son of Albert and Jutta of Rosdorf |
1317 – 11 April 1349 | County of Schwalenberg | Elisabeth of Wölpe (d. 2 February 1336) nine children Matilda of Rietberg (d.25 April 1400) 1342/45 one child |
11 April 1349 aged 61-62 |
||
Henry III | c.1290 First son of Henry II and Jutta of Tecklenburg |
8 January 1318 – 1346 | County of Sternberg | Hedwig of Diepholz (d.aft.1335) bef.14 September 1330 four children |
1346 aged 55-56 |
Children of Hoyer II, ruled jointly. | |
Hoyer II | c.1290 Second son of Henry II and Jutta of Tecklenburg |
8 January 1318 – 1320 | Unmarried | 1320 aged 29-30 | |||
Gottschalk IV | 1289 First son of Herman II and Luitgard of Waldeck- Schwalenberg |
25 November 1328 – 24 February 1342 | County of Pyrmont | Adelaide of Homburg (d.11 October 1341) six children |
24 February 1342 | Children of Herman II, ruled jointly. | |
Henry I | c.1290 Second son of Herman II and Luitgard of Waldeck- Schwalenberg |
25 November 1328 – c.1330 | Unmarried | c.1330 | |||
Herman IV | 1310 Third son of Herman II and Luitgard of Waldeck- Schwalenberg |
25 November 1328 – 1334 | 1334 aged 23-24 | ||||
Henry II | c.1320? First son of Gottschalk IV and Adelaide of Homburg |
24 February 1342 – 1390 | County of Pyrmont | Unknown three children |
1390 aged 69-70 |
Children of Gottschalk IV, ruled jointly. | |
Gottschalk V |
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