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| Part of a series on Shia Islam |
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 Shia Islam portal |
Shia Islam was brought to the Indian subcontinent during the final years of the Rashidun Caliphate. The Indian subcontinent also served as a refuge for some Shias escaping persecution from Umayyads, Abbasids, Ayyubids, and Ottomans. The immigration continued throughout the second millennium until the formation of modern nation states. Shi'ism also won converts among the local population.
Shia Islam has a long history and deep roots in the subcontinent. However, the earliest major political influence was that of the Shia dynasties in Deccan. It was here that the indigenous and distinct Shia culture took shape.[1] After the conquest of Golconda by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in the 17th century and subsequent establishment of hereditary governorship in Awadh after his death, Lucknow became the nerve center of Indian Shi'ism.
In the 18th century, intellectual movements of Islamic puritanism were launched by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in Najd and Shah Waliullah and his sons, with Shah Abdul Aziz being the main flag-bearer of modern anti-Shi'ism in Delhi. These movements coincided with the beginning of the British conquest of India and the downfall of Shia dynasties in Bengal and Awadh. These factors caused the onset of continuous persecution of the Shia community and laid the foundations of organised violence against them that has become a part of Shia life in the Indian subcontinent, especially Pakistan.[2][3]
Demography
Shias in the Indian subcontinent are a minority that is geographically scattered in the majority population. It is because the medieval subcontinent was tolerant and multicultural society and the Shias were not forced to live in ghettos. It is in total contrast to the Shias of the Middle East, who enjoy a local majority in their homelands because they were compelled to ghettoize in the medieval period because of persecution, and because of this demographic resource, they have become important political players in modern times.[4]
Pakistan is said to have a Shia population of at least 16 million, like India.[5][6][7] Vali Nasr claims the Shia population to be as high as 30 million.[8] Pew Research Center estimated the number of Shias in Pakistan and India to be 10 – 15 percent of the total Muslim population, while for Bangladesh it was estimated to be less than 1%[9] to 2%[10] of the total population. Andreas Rieck in his detailed study of the Shias of Pakistan, estimates their numbers between 20 and 25 million, and around 15% of the total population of Pakistan.[4]
| Country | Percentage | Country | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| India | 10% | Nepal | < 1% |
| Pakistan | 10% | Sri Lanka | < 1% |
| Bangladesh | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent