Paris Saint-Germain Football Club (PSG) is the most popular football club in France and one of the most widely supported teams in the world. Famous PSG fans include Nicolas Sarkozy, Tony Parker, Fabio Quartararo, Tom Brady, Patrick Dempsey, Victoria Azarenka, Teddy Riner and DJ Snake.

Lacking a big passionate fanbase, the club began offering cheaper season tickets to young supporters in 1976. These fans were placed in the Kop K, located in the K section of the Paris stand at the Parc des Princes. Following an increase in ticket prices, Kop K supporters moved to the Boulogne stand in 1978, and the Kop of Boulogne (KoB) was born. There, the club's first Italian-style ultra group, Boulogne Boys, was founded in 1985. Other KoB groups, however, took British hooligans as dubious role models and violence rapidly escalated. PSG supporters' groups have been linked to football hooliganism ever since.

PSG owners Canal+ responded in 1991 by encouraging and financing non-violent fans of the KoB stand to take place in the Auteuil stand at the other end of the Parc des Princes. The Virage Auteuil was born, alongside Supras Auteuil, its most notorious ultras. At first the measure worked but, slowly, a violent rivalry arose between the two stands. Things came to a head in 2010 before a match against Le Classique arch-rivals Marseille in Paris. Boulogne fan Yann Lorence was killed following a fight between groups from both stands outside the Parc des Princes, forcing PSG president Robin Leproux to take action.

The club exiled the supporters' groups from the Parc des Princes and banned them from all PSG matches in what was known as Plan Leproux. It made PSG pay the price in terms of atmosphere, with one of Europe's most feared venues now subdued. For their part, former Virage Auteuil supporters formed the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP) in February 2016, with the aim of reclaiming their place at the stadium. In October 2016, after a six-year absence, the club agreed to their return. Grouped in the Auteuil end of the stadium, the CUP currently is the only ultra association officially recognized by PSG. The ultra movement has also started to come back to life in the Boulogne stand. New groups Block Parisii and Résistance Parisienne are trying to convince the club of relaunching the Kop of Boulogne.

Supporters' groups

Since 2018, Paris Saint-Germain have been the most popular football club in France, with 22% of fans identifying as Parisians. Marseille comes second with 20%, while Lyon is third with 14%.^[1] PSG is also one of the most widely supported teams with 35 million supporters worldwide, more than any other French club.^[2]

The Parc des Princes has been the home stadium of the capital club since 1974.^[3] The pitch of the stadium is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as Tribune Borelli, Tribune Auteuil, Tribune Paris and Tribune Boulogne.^[4] Historically, PSG's most hardcore fans have occupied the Auteuil and Boulogne stands.^[5] Boulogne Boys, Supras Auteuil and the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP) have been the club's most famous supporters' groups.^[5][6] PSG also has a large number of fan clubs in France and worldwide, called PSG Fan Clubs.^[7]

Grouped in the Auteuil end of the stadium, the CUP is the only ultra association officially recognized by PSG.^[6][8] It consists of four subgroups: K-Soce Team, Le Combat Continue, Parias Cohortis, Urban Paris, and Beriz Crew.^[9] The CUP share the stadium with Tribune Boulogne ultra groups Block Parisii and Résistance Parisienne (not recognized by the club),^[10][11] PSG Junior Club at the Tribune Borelli,^[12] and Tribune Paris groups Le Club des Amis du PSG,^[13] PSG Grand Sud,^[14] and Handicap PSG.^[15] Other active groups include former CUP subgroup Karsud, who have been banned from the Parc des Princes since 2017.^[16]

Active

Dissolved

History

Early years

During their first three years of existence, Paris Saint-Germain were fan-owned and had 14,820 socios (members), who paid an annual fee of 25 to 40 francs (4 to 6 euros). The socios were the club's first supporters. As such, they founded Le Club des Associés (The Club of Socios) to organize travels for PSG home and away matches. It was PSG and France's first supporters' group. More than 2,000 socios attended the club's first match ever on 1 August 1970. It was a friendly against Quevilly (1–3 loss) at the Stade Jean-Bouin.^[5]

After PSG's 2–1 win over Brest in the 1970–71 French Division 2 in October 1970, players from the visiting team complained about the hostile atmosphere produced by the home supporters. The Parisian players were delighted, though. PSG defender Roland Mitoraj told reporters in February 1971 that he had never experienced this kind of support when he played for Saint-Étienne. In May 1971, for the decisive top-of-the-table clash versus Rouen, 5,000 socios travelled to Normandy.^[5]

The following season, the club's first in Ligue 1, PSG faced Lille in January 1972 as both sides battled to avoid relegation. PSG won 3–1 with the 1,200 socios in attendance unfurling a banner that read "PSG salutes Lille! Long live football and may the best one win!" But the club split shortly after and PSG were administratively relegated to Division 3. Paris FC stayed in Ligue 1 and an overwhelming majority of socios preferred to support them. In consequence, Le Club des Associés ceased to exist as well.^[5]

PSG still had some supporters, though. They surprised the players with streamers and trumpets during their Coupe de France match against Rouen in Mantes in January 1973.^[5] On 10 November 1973, PSG played their first match at the Parc des Princes versus Ligue 2 promotion rivals Red Star, winning 3–1.^[17] Before kickoff, the team warmed up in front of their fans at the Boulogne stand. It was the beginning of a tradition that still stands today.^[18] PSG returned to Ligue 1 in 1974, immediately moving into the Parc as Paris FC had been relegated that same year.^[19] On 13 August 1974, PSG recorded a 2–2 draw against Metz in front of nearly 14,000 spectators during their maiden home match in the top-flight.^[18][20] The club's oldest active supporters' group, Le Club des Amis du PSG (The Club of Friends of PSG), was founded in January 1975.^[5] Its members settled in the Paris stand with a banner: "The Spirit Club."^[13][18]

Kop of Boulogne

Back then, the majority of people attending the Parc des Princes were casual spectators or away supporters, and the stadium was only full when Paris faced prestigious sides like Saint-Étienne, Nantes, Marseille or Reims.^[5][18][21] In response, the club put in place a subscription plan called Young PSG Supporters in 1976, placing its subscribers in the K section, the first fan-dedicated space at the Parc.^[4][21] They named it Kop K in reference to the famous Spion Kop stand in Anfield that groups the supporters of Liverpool.^[22]

Kop K went from 500 subscribers against Reims in September 1976 to 3,000 members in early 1977.^[5][18][21] Following an increase in ticket prices in 1978, Kop K supporters moved to the Boulogne stand and the Kop K became the Kop of Boulogne (KoB).^[21][22][23] PSG players had been warming up there since 1973, so the supporters were logically invested in being closer to their idols.^[23]

United under a bulldog's head on top of the French flag, the KoB was mainly composed of three types of fans:^[22] Italian-style ultras (e.g. Boulogne Boys, Gavroches, Firebirds, Rangers, Tifo e Stupido, Sus Scrofa, Kaos and S.K.);^[24] English-inspired kopistes (e.g. Paris Assas Club, Head-Hunter, Génération Parisienne, Parc Kaos, Section Cigogne, Crazy Gang and Layache Family);^[24][21] and hooligans influenced by casual culture, far-right views and racist leanings (e.g. Commando Pirate, Pitbull Kop, Army Korps, Casual Firm, Indépendants Boulogne Rouge, Block B, Commando Loubard and Milice Paris).^[5][24][25]

"The visiting team had just scored a goal. While the Parisian team slowly walked to the middle of the field, the fans in the Kop of Boulogne cheered them on as if it had been PSG who had scored! The spectators had become supporters."

— Club statement during the 1978–79 season.^[5]

Founded in 1985, Boulogne Boys was the KoB's first supporters' group.^[5][23] It was also PSG's first ultra group and one of the oldest of its kind in France, alongside Marseille's Commando Ultra (1984) and Nice's Brigade Sud (1985).^[23][26][27] The group's distinctive trait was welcoming the players' entrance to the pitch with tifo choreography, which included flares, flags, banners and chants.^[28] Despite being Boulogne's most high-profile group, its style didn't fit the image of the stand, being more eye-catching and less confrontational.^[29] Nonetheless, Boys was the stand's biggest animators.^[21] They were also a controlling force and a mediator in the stand, and had an unpolitical stance in the highly politicized Boulogne.^[28][29]

Members of Boulogne Boys left the group in 1986 and created Gavroches that same year.^[5][23] Gavroches and Rangers were ultras as well but inspired by real English kopistes, with sheer vocal volume and scarf-waving as their chief medium for support.^[21][30] They would mainly make use of flags, flares and chants like "Le Parc est à nous" ("The Parc is ours"), which were battle cries to intimidate the visiting teams and its supporters.^[21][31] If they prepared tifos from time to time, they preferred to use their money to help a member in trouble with justice.^[21]

Virage Auteuil

At the beginning of the 1990s, Paris Saint-Germain were enjoying their worst attendance record since returning to Ligue 1 in 1974. The violence and racism in the Kop of Boulogne took the blame for this situation.^[22] To give non-violent and non-racist supporters in Boulogne an alternative, as well as boost the attendance levels, new owners Canal+ backed the creation of the Virage Auteuil in 1991. Before this date, Auteuil was mainly composed of casual spectators and away fans despite the presence of PSG fan group Auteuil Fanatics in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Encouraged and financed by the club, Supras Auteuil, Lutèce Falco and Incorrigibles Gaulois were the first ultra groups of the new stand.^[14] They were soon joined by Sus Scrofa in 1992, then by Dragon's, Tigris Mystic, Titans, Kaos and S.K. in 1993. Karsud in 1994 and Kriek in 1999 completed the Virage Auteuil roster.^[32][33] In the same way they had been doing at Boulogne since 1973, players began to warm up at Auteuil as well to show their appreciation for the fans there.^[18][34]

The measure worked; violence bottomed, while attendance steadily grew, peaking in 2000.^[14][22] Even though Auteuil was a way for the club to fight against racism, it proved to be a mistake in the long run.^[33][35] Rather than kick out the racists, the club just tacitly accepted that Boulogne was a white-only stand, preferring to move members of ethnic minorities to the Auteuil stand, located opposite to the KoB.^[35] Auteuil ultras were racially mixed, largely left-wing, anti-racist and represented Parisian diversity with immigrants or sons of immigrants.^[30]

In contrast to the English-inspired KoB, the Auteuil stand modelled after the Italian ultra culture. Auteuil ultras made use of banners, flares, chants and other expressions of tifo, which means organized and choreographed support of the team.^[22] Symbolically, they referred to the stand as Virage Auteuil. "Virage" is the French equivalent for the Italian word "curva."^[14][33] Supras Auteuil, the stand's biggest group, summed up this philosophy; Supras is the contraction of "SUPporters" and "ultRAS."^[14][36]

Virage Auteuil gradually became a reference within the Panorama Ultra Français (French Ultra Panorama or PUF). In April 1995, PSG met AC Milan at the Parc des Princes in the UEFA Champions League (UCL) semifinals.^[14] Before kickoff, Auteuil welcomed their players by unveiling a spectacular tifo, which was voted the "Best European Tifo" of the 1994–95 season by the Torcida International Fans Organization (TIFO).^[14][37] The tifo against Steaua Bucharest in August 1997 was also a big landmark for Auteuil.^[14]

Auteuil grew in the shadow of the Kop of Boulogne.^[32] Both stands competed for visual and vocal dominance, but Auteuil never questioned the authority of Boulogne.^[14][38] As a result, these two fan scenes, with their radically different racial composition and political views, coexisted in relative peace during the 1990s and early 2000s.^[26] They even began exchanging chants and mottos such as "Ici, c'est Paris!" ("This is Paris!") in 1997, becoming a trademark of PSG games at the Parc des Princes.^[38][39] In 2001, the Auteuil stand became "too small" and a new generation wishing to follow the Ultra model of Virage Auteuil settled in the neighboring stand: the G section of the Paris stand. The first group, Authentiks, appeared in January 2002 and grew very quickly. They were joined by another ultra group, Puissance Paris, in 2003.^[5]

Boulogne-Auteuil war

Tigris Mystic banner

It all changed in May 2003, when Tigris Mystic celebrated their 10th anniversary with a banner that read "The Future Belongs to Us." Subtly aimed at Boulogne, this message was a war declaration for KoB hooligans: Auteuil was the future, while Boulogne was the past.^[31][32] The power struggle that opposed PSG's first historical supporters of Boulogne against the newer ultras of Auteuil was just a cover for the real problem: the racial tension that had existed between the stands for many years.^[40][41]

Suddenly, the clashes outside the Parc des Princes were largely between hooligans of the same team, unlike anywhere else in Europe.^[38][42] One side of the ring featured Boulogne hooligan firms Casual Firm, Commando Loubard and Milice Paris whose members were far-right, white supremacists looking to "rid the suburbs of blacks and Arabs."^[24][42] The other side featured some members of Auteuil multiethnic group Tigris Mystic, whose initially peaceful anti-racist and left-wing ultras chose to fight back.^[31][41] They had begun clashing with hooligans from other teams at the start of the 2000s.^[25][33]

The first skirmishes between Auteuil and Boulogne took place right after the banner, but were cut short by a short-lived truce to fight against the new security policy of the club in 2004.^[32][33] Jean-Pierre Larrue, PSG's head of security, was determined to clear the Parc des Princes of hooligans and racists. His idea was to dissolve all the Auteuil and Boulogne groups and recreate two, one unique for each stand, with responsible persons to lead them.^[43] Fans menaced mayhem and even sent death threats to PSG president Francis Graille. Larrue eventually lost the backing of his bosses, who pulled the plug on the security plan and fired him.^[35][43]

The conflict resumed immediately afterwards and incidents occurred wherever PSG played during the 2005–06 season.^[33] In October 2005, Casual Firm hooligans thrashed the headquarters of Tigris Mystic, to which the latter responded by attacking a group of Boulogne hooligans in February 2006.^[35][42] Racism in the Kop of Boulogne had become intolerable that campaign and other Virage Auteuil ultras began to denounce it, vocally following Tigris Mystic when they sang "La Marseillaise" while brandishing their French identity card.^[33] In spite of this, the stand didn't support the violent actions of Tigris members, which by then had brought them into conflict not only with KoB hooligans but also with big ultra group Boulogne Boys, and even with Auteuil group Karsud, who had close ties with their far-right peers in Boulogne.^[33][44] Since the club directors were scarcely supportive as well, Tigris Mystic decided to self-dissolve in July 2006 after several months of violent incidents. Later, in 2008, several ex-Tigris created a new group, Auteuil Rouge, which became Grinta in 2009.^[5][33]

Dissolution of Boulogne Boys

With the disbanding of Tigris Mystic, PSG officials thought that peace would finally return.^[28] The reality, however, was that revenge and hatred had taken over the stadium; Boulogne and Auteuil could no longer stand each other.^[33] Tigris was gone but other Auteuil supporters had become violent as well, while racism in the KoB was out of control.^[28][33] In November 2006, a few months after Canal+ sold the club to Colony Capital, things really began to fall apart when PSG fan Julien Quemener died.^[22] The Boulogne affiliate was among a large group of fans that racially harassed a Hapoel Tel Aviv supporter after the Israeli club defeated PSG at the Parc des Princes. A police officer intervened to help him and killed Quemener in self-defence.^[45][46]

Following Quemener's death, more strict security measures were implemented, including stadium bans and police controls on matchdays.^[26][45] This led to a relative cease of fire between the two stands. They even fought together against Twente and Marseille hooligans in December 2008 and October 2009, respectively.^[47] Tensions, however, were slowly mounting again in the background.^[40] Supras Auteuil subgroup K-Soce Team was born in 2007.^[47] Brandishing flags of Algeria and Palestine, they embodied the growing politicization and left-wing radicalization of the Auteuil stand, antagonizing with that of Boulogne.^[40][48] Like Tigris Mystic before them, K-Soce Team responded to the racism in the stadium by clashing with Boulogne hooligans.^[47]

Politicians had long been looking for a scapegoat and finally found it when Boulogne Boys outraged France in March 2008 during the 2008 Coupe de la Ligue Final. They unfurled a banner which referred to Lens fans as pedophiles, jobless and incestuous.^[29][32] The banner was certainly offensive, but it was recently elected French president Nicolas Sarkozy's presence in the stands that sealed the fate of the ultra group.^[29] He had promised back in 2006 that, if he won the elections, he would rid PSG of racists and hooligans.^[42][43] The French government dissolved them in April 2008; it was the end of one of the most legendary supporters' group in France.^[29][32] This 2007–08 season, in which PSG barely escaped relegation, also saw the ultras invade the training ground to show their discontent with the club's results, threatening the players and the staff as well as damaging their cars.^[49]

Banishment of the ultras

With Boulogne Boys gone, the club lost a mediator between Boulogne and Auteuil, as well as a controlling force over Casual Firm, Commando Loubard and Milice Paris hooligans.^[24][29][31] In December 2009, hostilities reignited in an away match at Bordeaux, when a Boulogne member exhibited a flag with a Celtic cross while surrounded by Auteuil fans, who then attacked him. He turned out to be an influential figure in the KoB and promised revenge on Auteuil.^[40]

Members of Supras Auteuil were attacked by Boulogne hooligans in Lille in January 2010. Days later, during the next match against Monaco at the Parc des Princes, the KoB mocked Supras Auteuil by chanting "Supras, Supras, we fucked you."^[40] Unlike Tigris Mystic in 2005–06, though, Supras Auteuil had the support of Grinta and Authentiks.^[40][47]

Both stands clashed again in February 2010 before a match versus Marseille. After yet another attack from Boulogne hooligans, the aforementioned Auteuil groups led a countercharge which culminated in the lynching of KoB member Yann Lorence.^[22] The club immediately reacted by banning all its fans from travelling to away games.^[35]

In April 2010, the French government dissolved five PSG supporters' groups: Commando Loubard and Milice Paris of Boulogne, Supras Auteuil and Grinta of Auteuil, and Authentiks of the Paris stand. PSG president Robin Leproux began to work on an anti-violence plan called Tous PSG (All PSG) in May 2010.^[22] It became known as Plan Leproux.^[6]

Auteuil groups Lutèce Falco, Kriek and Karsud organized a peaceful march in response. On 15 May 2010, around 1,000 supporters descended on the Parc des Princes before the club's last match of the 2009–10 season against Montpellier that same day.^[22] During the game, groups from Auteuil and Boulogne displayed one last act of defiance, throwing hundreds of red distress flares to the pitch, forcing play to be halted for several minutes. Lutèce Falco also unfurled a banner which simply stated "This Is The End."^[26] For twelve of these groups this was their last appearance at the stadium as they decided to disband afterwards due to intense repression and media persecution: Casual Firm, Gavroches, Layache, Paris Assas Club, Rangers, Section Cigogne and Tifo e Stupido from Boulogne; Kriek, Lutèce Falco and Titans from Auteuil; Brigade Paris and Puissance Paris from the Paris stand.^[5][26][38]

Plan Leproux

Freedom for the ultras movement

Implemented in May 2010, Plan Leproux marked the end of the 13,000 supporters grouped in Auteuil and Boulogne, of which only 400 were hooligans. It made PSG and the Parc des Princes pay the price in terms of atmosphere, with one of Europe's most feared venues now subdued. Many of the supporters who were frozen out by the club formed a group called Liberté Pour les Abonnés (Freedom for Season Ticket Holders) and boycotted matches until they could again choose where to sit.^[6][22]

The club, meanwhile, continued its reformation of Auteuil and Boulogne, removing murals and commemorative plaques made by the ultras. 22,689 spectators showed up for PSG's first match of the 2010–11 season, and attendance remained low. By January 2011, PSG allowed supporters' groups in the stands again, as long as they agreed to Charte 12, a list of strict rules and regulations. A few small groups signed it and returned to the stadium, but none of the former Auteuil or Boulogne associations did. PSG also partnered with anti-racism organization SOS Racisme to help run security at matches and keep track of any racist behaviour.^[22]

In May 2011, ahead of the 2011–12 season, Qatar bought PSG through Qatar Sports Investments. Attendance levels soared thanks to big-money signings like Javier Pastore and a promising Champions League project to make PSG a big European team. Liberté Pour les Abonnés welcomed the Qatari owners and their efforts, but maintained that a big club was nothing without their fanbase.^[22][50]

Ultras and the women's team

Between 2010 and 2016, with the impossibility of supporting the men's team at home or away, the ultras turned to Paris Saint-Germain Féminine, and to a lesser extent to the Paris Saint-Germain Academy sides, being the very rare case of fan groups attending games of their club's women's team. Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia, which were among several groups that reunited Boulogne and Auteuil supporters, were behind this initiative.^[51] PSG ultras have also occasionally attended big matches of Paris Saint-Germain Handball, the club's handball team.^[52][53][54]

Unlike some fans who decided to cheer for other Parisian clubs such as Paris FC or Créteil, Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia noticed there wasn't much enthusiasm around the women and chose to stay with PSG by supporting them in France and abroad, from league clashes against rivals Lyon to the Women's Champions League semifinals versus Wolfsburg and the grand finale in Berlin, where they narrowly lost to Eintracht Frankfurt (2–1).^[51]

A marriage of convenience at first, the ultras began to really enjoy supporting the women for three main reasons: their proximity compared to the men, being able to easily approach female players; their appreciation for the fans, always thanking them after every match; and their solidarity with the ultra movement, publicly supporting a return to the Parc des Princes for men's team games in interviews and social media, in contrast to male players whose communication was more controlled by the club.^[51]

Collectif Ultras Paris

Parc des Princes return

The Parisian ultra movement slowly began to reassemble. The remaining fan groups met the team at the training ground whenever possible and went to away games, usually outside France.^[38] Many of these associations would then join forces and form the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP) in February 2016 with the aim of returning to the Parc des Princes.^[6][55] The groups in question were Virage Auteuil linked associations K-Soce Team, Microbes Paris, Parias Cohortis and Karsud, as well as those created after the implementation of Plan Leproux: Liberté Pour les Abonnés, Lista Nera Paris, Nautecia and Le Combat Continue. Former Kop of Boulogne groups were also invited, but they declined to partake in the CUP initiative as an entity. Despite this, former Boulogne supporters are in the CUP as individuals.^[6][56][57] Romain Mabille, member of K-Soce Team, was elected president of the CUP a few weeks after its foundation.^[58]

PSG and the CUP first agreed a Parc des Princes return for the 2–0 home league win over Bordeaux in October 2016.^[6] Around 150 ultras were allowed to enter the Auteuil stand after six years of absence.^[38] Believing that the lack of support was partially guilty for their premature Champions League exits, PSG president Nasser Al-Khelaifi and prominent players, including team captain Thiago Silva, pushed for the return of the ultras.^[38][59] The result was still the same, though, as PSG suffered the ill-fated "Remontada" against Barcelona in March 2017. The ultras greeted the players at the Paris–Le Bourget Airport by blocking their cars and verbally abusing them. Italian midfielder Thiago Motta even knocked over a fan standing in his way.^[49]

The ultras have also continued to support the women's side under the banner of the CUP.^[51] During the club's 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League campaign, they were at the Parc des Princes for the quarterfinals and semifinals versus Bayern Munich and Barcelona respectively.^[51][60] 300 ultras then travelled to Cardiff in June 2017 to cheer the team at the final, which PSG lost to Lyon in the penalty shootout (0–0; 7–6 on penalties).^[61]

Internal tensions and boycott

Two new groups, Porte 411 and Urban Paris, joined the CUP in April 2017.^[62][63] The following month, however, the first cracks appeared. Lista Nera Paris and Microbes Paris left the group in May 2017 due to internal disagreements and self-dissolved,^[64][65] while Karsud were excluded from it.^[8][16] Despite this, the club allowed the ultras to hold season tickets together in the Auteuil end in August 2017, a first since 2010.^[66] The CUP were then given permission to remake the murals inside the corridors of the Virage Auteuil in June 2018. Supporters began making them in 2005, but were erased in 2010 as part of Plan Leproux. These paintings paid tribute to supporters' groups, deceased members and former players.^[67]

PSG also authorized the CUP to unfurl the group's own banner on the billboards of the upper part of Auteuil in August 2018.^[68] Other highlights were two Dragon Ball tifos featuring Goku and Shenlong to welcome the players in February 2018 and October 2019.^[69][70] On the downside, after another Champions League collapse in March 2019, this time against Manchester United, the ultras stormed a training session at the Parc des Princes, proceeding to boo and insult the players.^[49]

Tensions between the club and the CUP resurfaced in late October 2019, when the latter announced a boycott of all matches until further notice after, according to the group's statement, "yet another act of provocation orchestrated by people who have never digested the return of the ultras."^[71] The CUP then protested in front of the club's headquarters and skipped the team's next match, a decision copied by Boulogne groups Block Parisii and Paname Rebirth.^[72] The ultras demanded the departure of both security company OLIPS from the Auteuil stand and two PSG employees, including Jerome Sursin, the club's assistant security director and a former Kop of Boulogne member.^[73] In November 2019, the club announced the end of its collaboration with OLIPS, but maintained the two employees targeted by their ultras. Nevertheless, the CUP put an end to their boycott.^[74]

Cavani controversy and Auteuil anniversary

In October 2020, CUP president and leader of subgroup K-Soce Team, Romain Mabille, announced his departure from the ultra group he had led since its creation in 2016. His decision came after internal differences within the CUP. The banners deployed across Paris before September's Le Classique sparked tensions between the subgroups because they weren't collectively debated and validated. Mabille and K-Soce were not involved in this action, which notably aroused widespread indignation.^[75]

Mabille's resignation, however, had more to do with his stance over PSG idol Edinson Cavani, whose controversial exit from the club left the CUP divided. Worshipped by the ultras, Cavani rejected a short-term contract extension to play the remaining matches of the coronavirus-stricken 2019–20 UEFA Champions League with the team. Feeling mistreated by the club, he left without acknowledging his time at PSG or even thanking the supporters. Cavani eventually said his goodbyes, but the unilateral decision of a CUP subgroup to praise the Uruguayan striker with a banner was apparently the last straw for Mabille, who was amongst those opposed to pay him tribute.^[75][76][77] Nicolas Boffredo, a K-Soce Team affiliate like Mabille, was elected as the new president a few days later.^[58] He joined the ultra movement in the 2000s, becoming a member of the Supras Auteuil in 2002. Likewise, Boffredo went on to be a founding member of both the K-Soce Team in 2007 and the CUP in 2016.^[78]

On November 20, 2021, the CUP deployed a multi-part tifo and ignited countless flares during PSG's home league match against Nantes to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the fan-dedicated Virage Auteuil stand, created in the fall of 1991 with the birth of Supras Auteuil, the supporters' group at the origin of the ultra movement in that end of the Parc des Princes.^[79] Today, Supras have been absorbed by K-Soce Team, the leading subgroup of the CUP.^[80] The tifo paid tribute to Supras Auteuil, Lutèce Falco and Tigris Mystic, the stand's three main fan associations prior to the creation of the CUP, as well as to all seven groups currently part of the tribune: K-Soce Team, Le Combat Continue, Liberté Pour les Abonnés, Nautecia, Parias Cohortis, Porte 411 and Urban Paris. At the end of the match, the players and Mauricio Pochettino, head coach and former PSG player himself, went to celebrate the anniversary with the supporters.^[81]

Protests against club and male players

In February 2022, following the club's premature elimination from the Coupe de France, the CUP launched a series of protests against the management and the attitude of male players with a banner that read "Our patience has limits" during PSG's visit to Lille.^[82][83] It was followed by a statement denouncing the running of the club, including the male team's incoherent sporting plan based on piling up stars, constantly changing managers and the absence of a playing style, and the neglect of the PSG Academy and the women's team by the management.^[82][83][84]

Demonstrations carried on during PSG's home game versus Rennes. Having been absent for the initial 25 minutes, then silent for the remaining 20 of the first half, the ultras unfurled several banners. "Disrespectful directors, players without desire, shirts without our colors. The only treble for PSG this season," read the most overarching one. Another banner questioned whether it was time for sporting director Leonardo Araújo to leave the club, criticizing him for overpaying uncommitted players.^[85]

Unrest intensified after PSG crashed out of the Champions League last-16 for the fourth time in six seasons, self-destructing against Real Madrid in March.^[86] The CUP released another statement calling for a complete reorganisation of the club, including the departure of president Nasser Al-Khelaifi.^[87] During PSG's next home match versus Bordeaux, the ultras greeted manager Mauricio Pochettino and the team with whistles.^[86] Away to Monaco a week later, the CUP fitted their empty stand with a banner: "Like you, we’re on holiday."^[88] Home to Lorient in April, the ultras remained muted throughout the game and displayed their main banner upside down.^[89]

Amid the protests, Romain Mabille was elected as president of the CUP once more, two years after having resigned.^[82][90] Versus arch-rivals Marseille at home, the Virage Auteuil faithful refrained from supporting the players.^[91] The CUP went a step further at Angers, leaving the stadium in the 70th minute.^[92] In the following match, Paris secured their tenth Ligue 1 title with a draw over Lens. Despite the occasion, the ultras sat in silence until the 75th minute, when they left to go celebrate the title outside without the players.^[93]

During this period, the CUP only halted their protests on behalf of the "exemplary" women's team.^[94] They went en masse to the Parc des Princes for the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League quarterfinals against Bayern Munich in March, and then for the semifinals versus Lyon in April.^[95][96] In the latter match, the ultras were part of the club record 43,254 spectators in attendance.^[96] Before kick-off, they unfurled a banner reading: "Proud of our colors and proud of our female players."^[97]

The CUP finally decided to bury the hatchet during PSG's last match of the campaign against Metz at the Parc des Princes in May. With guarantees from the club regarding serious changes for next season, including Kylian Mbappé's contract renewal, the ultras put their main banner the right way up and encouraged the team in the second half. Their first tribute was dedicated to departing PSG legend Ángel Di María after seven seasons and a club record 112 assists.^[98][99]

Dissolution of Ferveur Parisienne, further protests

CUP subgroup Ferveur Parisienne (formerly Porte 411) were dissolved by the French government in December 2022 due to an extensive criminal record and having caused several injuries. They had notably taken part in the fan brawl at the Stade Charléty in September 2021 during the Coupe de France match pitching Paris FC against Lyon, for which PSG banned them several matches from the Parc des Princes. The decree also listed twenty other acts of violence, including property damage and gun possession, committed between November 2019 and October 2022.^[100]

In May 2023, following PSG's poor run of results since the start of the year as well as off-field issues, most notably Lionel Messi's unauthorised trip to Saudi Arabia and subsequent suspension, the CUP gathered outside of the club's headquarters calling for the board to resign. Star players Messi and Neymar, first-team manager Christophe Galtier and club president Nasser Al-Khelaifi were also targeted for criticism. Other supporters protested outside the house of Neymar, leading to the CUP's tickets being revoked by the club for the away trip to Troyes. The ultras vowed to boycott all games until further notice but quickly reversed their decision after meetings with the club hierarchy assured them of positive changes to come, including the return of PSG's historical home shirt, accessible tickets for the ultras in the Ticket Place platform, and a coherent sporting plan focused on signing team players instead of big names.^[101][102]

LPA and Nautecia out, Beriz Crew in

These latest protests, however, created irreconcilable differences within the CUP. Some groups wanted to adopt a more radical approach, while others feared being excluded from the stadium. In April 2022, following a stormy meeting, leading subgroup K-Soce Team, with the support of the Parias Cohortis and Le Combat Continue, removed Liberté Pour les Abonnés (LPA) and Nautecia, two of the other founding members, from the group.^[103] Nautecia announced their self-dissolution in July 2023, while LPA did so in August 2023. The CUP said, reacting to Nautecia's statement, that they "will never allow the resurgence of the hooligan gangrene in Paris." New subgroup Beriz Crew joined the CUP in July and took LPA's physical place in the stands in August.^[9]

New groups in Boulogne

Coexistence with the CUP

Block Parisii, the first Boulogne supporters' group since Plan Leproux, were born in September 2017.^[104] They were joined by Paname Rebirth in 2018 and Résistance Parisienne in 2019.^[11][105] These new groups are trying to convince the club of relaunching the Kop of Boulogne, in the same way they did with the Virage Auteuil and the Collectif Ultras Paris.^[106] PSG have not officially recognised them out of fear of provoking a new war between Boulogne and Auteuil.^[107]

The CUP initially believed that, like former Boulogne groups, the Block Parisii were made of far-right extremists and racists.^[106] Exchanges during away games smoothed the situation as the CUP realized the Block have an apolitical, nonreligious and anti-violence stance, and its members are Arab, black and white.^[106][107] Both associations collaborated during PSG's Champions League tie against Real Madrid at the Parc des Princes in March 2018. Several CUP members took place in the Boulogne stand to chant alongside the Block.^[106][108]

Disagreements with the club and suspension

In July 2019, after PSG imposed random placement on them, Paname Rebirth protested against this measure by deploying a banner on the Boulevard Périphérique that read "Your repression will not stop our ambition." The club's management and the media also condemned two controversial banners from the Rebirths. The first one was aimed at Barcelona defender Gerard Piqué's wife Shakira before PSG's clash against the Spanish team in March 2021. The sexist message ("Shakira à la Jonquera") established a link between the Colombian singer and a Catalan town on the French border known for its prostitution hotbeds.^[109]

In November 2021, the club suspended the three associations in Boulogne out of fear of a resurgence of the far right. Paname Rebirth and Résistance Parisienne were prohibited from entering Boulogne for six months, while Block Parisii were banned from the Parc des Princes and from traveling for a year. This suspension followed several events at the stadium; a Block Parisii banner deployed against Lyon in September referencing a failed attempt to fight the Lyonnais fans, the recent presence of Kop of Boulogne stickers in the stand, and finally the theft of a Paname Rebirth tarpaulin versus RB Leipzig in October. During this assault, claimed by the KoB, racist insults were uttered by the attackers.^[110]

As a result, Paname Rebirth self-dissolved in December 2021.^[111] Block Parisii and Résistance Parisienne have continued operations albeit with random seat allocation as well as bans on chanting and standing in the stand.^{[10][11][112]}

Hooliganism and racismedit

From Commando Pirate to Karsudedit

Most Kop of Boulogne (KoB) supporters were poor disaffected white men who made this stand their meeting point thank to its low admission fees.^[43] Some of them were influenced by English casual culture. Typified by hooliganism and the wearing of expensive designer clothing, this culture was exported by Liverpool fans in the late 1970s and early 1980s.^[22] As a result, the KoB developed into the home of French hooliganism in the mid-1980s.^[28] Rival fans, who had always sat in Boulogne, had to be moved across the field to Auteuil, which became the away stand until 1991. This prompted KoB hooligans to form away parties that sneaked through the stands and attacked the visitors.^[22]

PSG's first hooligan firm, Commando Pirate, were founded in 1986, followed by Firebirds later that same year.^[5][113] Infiltrated by French far-right extremists since the mid-1980s, the Boulogne stand became overtly racist in 1989 with the creation of Pitbull Kop by radical right political activist Serge Ayoub, who advocated violence and white supremacy.^[23][28] In consequence, the KoB turned into a white-only stand with racist chants (such as "France for the French"), signs, and Nazi salutes as regular features.^[22][28] Pitbull Kop quickly disbanded in 1992, but its racist legacy continued in the stand.^[5]

Army Korps were founded in 1991 and they would partake in the Caen incident in 1993.^[5] One of French football's darkest moments, it led to the dissolution of Commando Pirate, Army Korps and Firebirds by sports minister of France Michèle Alliot-Marie.^[5][114] Casual Firm and Indépendants Boulogne Rouge (IBR) quickly filled their void in December 1993. These groups were behind most violent episodes of the 1990s.^[5] IBR self-dissolved in 2000, but Casual Firm were later joined by Commando Loubard in 2003 and Milice Paris in 2006.^[5][24] The latter two were dissolved by the French government in April 2010, while Casual Firm disbanded a month later.^[5][22]

Created by the club in 1991 to counteract the racism in the stadium, the racially mixed and anti-racist Virage Auteuil stand eventually superseded the less visually impressive and more violent Kop of Boulogne.^[14][26] Nonetheless, Auteuil wasn't exempt from hooliganism and its first hooligan firm, Karsud, were founded in 1994.^[33][44] A few members of Tigris Mystic, initially a peaceful fan group created in 1993, slowly turned into hooligans too, clashing with thugs from other teams as well as those from the KoB and even against Auteuil peers Karsud.^[25][33][44]

Unlike their politicized peers in the Boulogne stand, Auteuil hooligans started off as purists of urban violence.^[25] Simply put, they were apolitical at first.^[22] Over time they adopted left-wing ideas which radically opposed the KoB's far-right leanings, and a deadly conflict arose between the two stands during the 2000s.^[14][30][45] In July 2006, after several months of clashes with Boulogne hooligans, Tigris Mystic declared it self-dissolved.^[5][33] PSG hooligans were among the most active in Europe until the club enforced a major anti-violence plan in 2010.^[22][115] Karsud are currently the club's most notorious hooligan group still on activity.^[8][116] Made up of around 40 people, they have been banned from the Parc des Princes since 2017.^[8][16][117]

Incidentsedit

Before Plan Leprouxedit

The first hooligan incidents from Paris Saint-Germain supporters took place during an away game against Nancy in January 1977. Since then, they have clashed with hooligans from all over France, most notably those from big teams such as Saint-Étienne, Nantes, Lyon, Nice and Marseille.^[43][118] PSG radicals have also fought fans from smaller sides like Bastia, Auxerre, Rennes and Tours.^[21] In February 1984, they even brawled with English hooligans on the stands of the Parc des Princes during an international match between France and England, leaving dozens injured.^[43][119]

Boulogne hooligans were behind many racist incidents and clashes with the CRS riot police. In 1991, Arab fans were attacked by KoB hooligans.^[43] In August 1993, during a match versus Caen, ten CRS officers were injured by PSG hooligans.^[22][114] The brawl began when they entered Boulogne to arrest a fan.^[14][22] Once inside, KoB thugs swarmed over the outnumbered policemen and kicked one of them into a coma.^[43][114] In January 2006, two Arab youths were assaulted by Boulogne affiliates outside the entrance to the stand during a match against Sochaux.^[42] In November 2006, six KoB hooligans ambushed a black man after a match at Le Mans. Two of the assailants received prison sentences.^[43][46] Racist fans in the KoB also abused some of their own non-white players, most notably Bernard Lama, George Weah and Vikash Dhorasoo.^{[42][120][121]}

Progress in European competition during the 1990s and 2000s saw even more vicious fighting.^[43] The Parisian hooligans clashed with opposing thugs from Juventus, Anderlecht, Galatasaray, Chelsea, Arsenal, Bayern Munich, Rangers, CSKA Moscow, Hapoel Tel Aviv and Twente.^{[47][43][122]} Even worse, the club's own supporters had turned on each other as well. Following the deaths of two PSG fans, the club implemented an anti-violence plan in May 2010. Officially called Tous PSG (All PSG), but known by supporters as Plan Leproux (referring to PSG’s president Robin Leproux), it exiled all fan groups from the Parc des Princes and banned them from all club matches.^[6][22]

After Plan Leprouxedit

Fan violence largely decreased after Plan Leproux, but incidents still occur.^[6][22] In May 2013, the club's league title celebrations at Trocadero plaza were cut short following fighting between PSG fans and CRS riot police, leaving 30 people injured and leading to 21 arrests. In August 2012, Zlatan Ibrahimović's presentation saw clashes among rival factions of PSG supporters.^[123] Between 2010 and 2016, PSG fans also brawled with supporters of Dinamo Zagreb, Bayer Leverkusen and Chelsea.^[124][125] Following years of demonstrations against Plan Leproux, several fan groups formed the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP) in February 2016.^[6][55] The club allowed their long-awaited comeback in October 2016 for PSG's 2–0 home league win over Bordeaux.^[6]

The first incidents since their return occurred in April 2017. PSG ultras damaged areas of the stadium hosting the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue final.^[8] A month later, Lista Nera Paris and Microbes Paris dissociated from the CUP. A third association, Karsud, were excluded from the ultra group.^[8][16] CUP president, Romain Mabille, would later refer to Karsud members as "hooligans who didn't want to respect the code of conduct agreed with the club."^[116] Ever since then, members of the CUP, mainly those from leading subgroup K-Soce Team, and Karsud have been in conflict.^[8][116]

In September 2017, ahead of PSG's Champions League match versus Bayern Munich in Germany, 30 Parisian ultras fought 20 from Bayern fan group Schickeria and 10 reinforcements from Bordeaux. One French fan was treated for a head injury.^[126] In October 2018, the CUP clashed against Karsud and twinned Red Star Belgrade hooligan firm Delije near the Parc des Princes after a UCL game.^[127][128] The club reacted by imposing a one-year stadium ban and cancelling season tickets to the 100 CUP members involved, most of them issued from K-Soce Team.^[129]

2019 and early 2020 saw a surge in violence. In April, following PSG's defeat to Rennes in the 2019 Coupe de France final, both set of supporters clashed.^[130] In November, the CUP and Karsud fought with thugs from Club Brugge before a UCL match.^[131] A week later, K-Soce Team affiliates attacked spectators wearing Marseille apparel during rapper Jul's concert at AccorHotels Arena.^[132] Also that month, PSG ultras assaulted Rennes fans who were in Glasgow to face Celtic.^[133] In December, the CUP and Boulogne group Block Parisii were involved in a brutal brawl against UCL rivals Galatasaray fans in the streets of Paris.^[134] Karsud hooligans then clashed against those of Nantes in February 2020.^[135]

Following a quiet period between March 2020 and August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to lockdowns and restrictions on attendance, fan violence returned in September 2021. Karsud thugs assaulted a member of Rennes fan group Roazhon Celtik Kop (RCK) and stole a club banner.^[130][117] RCK retaliated after Rennes' home league victory over PSG in October 2021, clashing against the Parisian ultras outside the stadium.^[130] Karsud, along with CUP subgroup Ferveur Parisienne, were again at the center of controversy during a Coupe de France match between Paris FC and Lyon in December 2021. Wielding iron bars and nunchakus, they attacked the Lyon fans at halftime, which resulted in the game being abandoned and the expulsion of both clubs from the tournament.^[136][137] Ferveur Parisienne were dissolved by the French government in December 2022 mainly because of their involvement in this incident.^[100]

In October 2023, PSG supporters tangled with AC Milan fans in the stands during the first Champions League group stage fixture between the two clubs at the Parc des Princes.^[138] A group of around 50 Milan ultras took revenge on the eve of the return match in November 2023. They attacked the Parisian fans in Milan, stabbing one of them twice in the leg. There were also clashes between PSG supporters and police. An officer was stabbed in the leg and the alleged culprit was arrested.^[139]

Rivalriesedit

Paris Saint-Germain supporters share intense rivalries with fans from Marseille, Juventus, Anderlecht, Galatasaray and Chelsea. Since PSG and Marseille also have a fierce sporting rivalry, known as Le Classique, incidents have been more frequent. Among the most notable are the 146 arrests and nine policemen hospitalised during the Coupe de France semifinals in April 1995,^[118] the Marseille supporter who was left paralysed for life in October 2000 after being struck by a flying seat,^[118] and the PSG fan who was hit by a car in October 2009.^[140]

The rivalry with Juventus supporters began in October 1983. PSG welcomed The Italian ultras visited Paris for the European Cup Winners' Cup second round, being violently attacked by Boulogne hooligans who invaded the away stand during the game.^[119] They brawled again in the 1989–90 UEFA Cup and the 1992–93 UEFA Cup. In April 1993, Juventus hooligans unfurled a banner aimed at their PSG counterparts at the Stadio delle Alpi. As payback, PSG troublemakers beat one Juve supporter unconscious before the return match at the Parc des Princes two weeks later.^[141]

Prior to their UEFA Cup third round tie in November 1992 at the Parc des Princes, dissolved Boulogne hooligan firm Commando Pirate had a twinning with Anderlecht ultra group O'Side since the early 1980s, and they would occasionally fight together against common enemies.^[5][113] But when O'Side attacked Virage Auteuil members, who were under the wing of Boulogne back then, everything changed. Commando Pirate and Boulogne peers Army Korps came to help Auteuil, severely injuring two Anderlecht fans. Seats flew between the visitors and Auteuil ultras during the game, while Boulogne hooligans clashed again with O'Side after the final whistle.^[113]

Matches between PSG and Galatasaray have been classed as high risk since their UEFA Cup Winners' Cup last 16 match at the Parc des Princes in October 1996. Attacked by Boulogne hooligans, the Turkish supporters seriously injured a handful of PSG thugs. The latter hit back during a Champions League second group stage match in March 2001.^[122] After being provoked, Auteuil and Boulogne hooligans, at the time on good terms, attacked the Galatasaray followers in the stands.^[142] More than fifty Turks had to be hospitalized in Paris.^[143] In December 2019, both teams met for the UCL group stages and violence erupted in the streets of the French capital, leaving one PSG fan with a head trauma and one Galatasaray supporter with a hand injury.^[134] During the match, the CUP mocked the Istanbul club's elimination with a banner.^[144]

But it was their attack on Chelsea hooligan firm Chelsea Headhunters that earned PSG hooligans high praise on web sites dedicated to football violence. In September 2004, a 150-strong PSG mob assaulted around 50 Chelsea hooligans before their Champions League group stage match in Paris, sparking a rivalry that still stands today.^[42] Both teams met again in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League quarterfinals. Before the first-leg match at the Parc des Princes in April 2014, about 100 fans from each team, including members of former Boulogne hooligan firms, fought in a tourist area of the French capital. Two fans were injured.^[124]

Deathsedit

Julien Quemeneredit

Following a humiliating 4–2 loss in the UEFA Cup to Israeli club Hapoel Tel Aviv at the Parc des Princes, PSG hooligans took the streets and targeted Jewish fans. A French-Jewish supporter of Hapoel, Yaniv Hazout, was surrounded, threatened and subjected to a barrage of racial abuse, when a plain-clothes black police officer, Antoine Granomort, stepped in to help him.^[46] Granomort wasn't wearing a police uniform and PSG radicals attacked him. He tried to break up the group with tear gas but was overpowered. Granomort then fired one shot, seriously injuring Mounir Boujaer before killing Julien Quemener.^[28][46]

This episode shocked France. It was only the second fan-related death in the country after that of 1984 when a supporter was killed by a flare. Public opinion blamed the KoB, known for its racist and violent fans since the late 1970s.^[28] In turn, PSG supporters and French fans in general considered Quemener a martyr and demanded an inquiry.^[46] Prior to PSG's match at Nantes three days after the incident, Boulogne Boys paid their respects to Quemener by marching through the city to the stadium.^[43]

Initially, police said Julien Quemener was a member of Boulogne Boys and that this group had links to PSG's violent far-right fans in the KoB.^[43][46] Boys quickly denied the allegations. Later developments in the investigation showed that Quemener was close to Boulogne hooligan firms (Casual Firm, Commando Loubard and Milice Paris) and not Boulogne Boys.^[24][43] In February 2011, after more than four years of investigation, Antoine Granomort was acquitted of murder on the grounds of self-defence.^[45]

Yann Lorenceedit

In February 2010, two hours before PSG's 3–0 home defeat to Marseille, the fratricidal war between Boulogne and Auteuil reached a point of no return.^[22] A large group of Boulogne hooligans attacked supporters from Auteuil, chasing them toward their entrance into the stadium, all under the eyes of CRS riot police officers, who didn't intervene. Alerted by the situation, many Auteuil fans who were already inside the stadium left the stand to lead a counter charge, which ended in the lynching of Casual Firm member Yann Lorence.^[145]

The original reports from the press claimed that Yann Lorence was peacefully leaving a bar when he was attacked by Auteuil fans. For his part, PSG president Robin Leproux said that Lorence had been caught in the middle of the brawl.^[22][146] Boulogne sources defended these theories, saying Lorence had distanced himself from Casual Firm a while back. Auteuil sources, on the other hand, denied these allegations and affirmed that Lorence was indeed part of the fight.^[145][146] Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._supporters
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