A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional | |
 | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 28 April 2021 |
| Jurisdiction | Indonesia |
| Employees | +14,000 |
| Annual budget | 736,396,346.27 USD (Rp 10.51 trillion) |
| Agency executives |
|
| Website | www |
The National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesian: Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, BRIN) is a cabinet-level government agency formed by the Indonesian government in 2019. Originally a new agency attached to the Ministry of Research and Technology, which became the Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency, the agency was controversially separated and established as a new non-ministerial government agency directly under the President of Indonesia on 28 April 2021. On 24 August 2021, the agency gained cabinet-level status through enactment of Presidential Decree No. 78/2021. Under the new presidential regulation, the agency became the sole national research agency of Indonesia.
The agency has been characterized as a "scientific merger company" for its controversial strategy of subsuming many pre-existing scientific agencies. Aswismarmo, an Indonesian scholar and historian, noted that BRIN is a form of "holding research institution".[1] BRIN chairman Laksana Tri Handoko claimed that the agencys is a "Research Mothership" that houses all the state research activities of Indonesia.[2]
In September 2021, BRIN became a member of the International Science Council.[3]
History
Formation
On 17 April 2018, Presidential Decree No. 38/2018 regarding the National Research Main Framework of 2017–2045 was signed by President Joko Widodo. The decree is intended to outline the national research policies and priorities for comprehensive sustainable development.[4]
Before BRIN existed, government research and development activities were scattered throughout various ministries and government institutes and were mostly pursuing short term outcomes.[5] Not only that, research and development management was considered far from effective. In 2018, the Corruption Eradication Commission reported that, of the national government research funding of around 24.92 trillion rupiahs allocated for research (0.25% of Indonesia Bruto domestic product), only 43.74% was spent on Research and Development (RnD) activities, while the rest went for operational costs (30.68%), service costs (13.17%), capital expenditure (6.65%), and education and training (5.77%). Fictitious research, overlapping research, and various misuse and mismanagement of funding was also reported.[6][7] BRIN was formed with the intent to fix the problems in Indonesia's research ecosystem.
In January 2019, BRIN's formation was suggested by Megawati Soekarnoputri, the fifth President of Indonesia and leader of Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, in a speech given to mark her party's 46th anniversary. In her speech, she suggested a research and innovation agency to direct and support the national research ecosystem, to promote national self-sufficiency.[8][9]
On 13 August 2019, Widodo signed Law No. 11 of 2019 concerning the National System of Sciences and Technology. Article 48 of the law laid the foundation of the future BRIN.[10] After winning the election on 23 October 2019, he signed Presidential Decision No. 113/P/2019 on the formation of his cabinet. According to this, BRIN was to be attached to the Ministry of Research and Technology.[11] On 24 October 2019, BRIN's temporary constituting document, Presidential Decree No. 74/2019, was signed. The constituting document specified that the organization of BRIN must be fixed within three months after the signing of the temporary document.[12]
Bambang Brodjonegoro, the Minister of Research and Technology, failed to set the structure of BRIN by the deadline; a further temporary extension was issued, to 30 April 2020.[13] This deadline was also missed, creating uncertainty for Indonesian researchers.[14]
The uncertainty was due to conflicts between three ministries: the Ministry of Research and Technology, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, and the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform. The People's Representative Council requested Joko Widodo to warn the ministries to work together and consolidate their efforts.[15]
Following a restructuring of the ministries in April 2021, BRIN was made a new, separate, non-ministerial agency.[16][17] Laksana Tri Handoko, the former Chief of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, was appointed as the chairman of BRIN.[18]
Establishment as Indonesia's sole National Research Agency
On 5 May 2021, Joko Widodo signed Presidential Decree No. 33/2021, effectively establishing BRIN as the sole national research agency and decreeing that all Indonesian national research agencies—such as the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN), and the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)—be subsumed into BRIN. As expected, BRIN was no longer positioned as a regulatory body, as any regulatory function remains with the ministry.[19] Despite being signed on that day, the decree, which was backdated to 28 April 2021, was not published on government's law official channel, the Documentation Legal Information Network (Jaringan Dokumentasi Informasi Hukum) until 29 May 2021, which made it officially in force, although it had already become known through the media.[20][21]
The organizational structure of BRIN was also greatly expanded by this decree. BRIN was now divided into two parts, the steering committee and the executive. The steering committee, whose members are, controversially, ex-officio, the members of the steering committee of the Pancasila Ideology Development Agency (BPIP); and the chairman of the BPIP steering committee is also the chairman of the BRIN steering committee. The executive, which oversees research and day-to-day activities, as directed by the steering committee, is headed by the chairman.[19]
The decree also granted the local government for each province and city the ability to have their own research and development departments become a part of the Regional Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Daerah) (BRIDA). While BRIDA offices would be responsive to local governments, BRIN would have the power to monitor, control, and evaluate the research in each BRIDA office.[19] The decree mandated to every province and regencies and townships government must form their own BRIDA office in 2 years after the decree become effective. With currently there are 34 provinces, 416 regencies, and 98 townships in Indonesia, 548 BRIDA offices are expected to be formed at least until 2023.[22][23]
The government allocated Rp 6.6 trillion to fund BRIN for Fiscal Year 2022.[24] The Fiscal Year 2022 funding was increased to Rp 10.51 trillion on 27 September 2021.[25]
On 20 September 2021, it was revealed that more than 11,000 employees of the former Ministry of Research and Technology, LIPI, BPPT, LAPAN, and BATAN were being moved from their original institutions to BRIN.[26]
BRIN's research and development consolidation plans
On 9 June 2021, the chairman of BRIN, Laksana Tri Handoko, announced a plan for BRIN to become expanded and integrated with the ministerial research and development divisions.[27] The plan was not something new, as the issue already existed in 2018, with the Law of National System of Sciences and Technology discussed in the parliament.[28] In April 2021, President Widodo intended that in the future, the work of the national research and development activities would be consolidated within BRIN, to preclude overlapping research efforts.[29] In announcing this plan, BRIN, together with the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia, prepared 3 options: (1) full integration of those research and development divisions from the respective ministries to BRIN, with each ministry fully relinquishing their research and development responsibilities, with this plan being the most radical, given the required structural changes, which would be overseen by Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform; (2) program transition, with only some of the funding and execution of ministerial research programs being relinquished to BRIN, or (3) partial transition, by which only part of the research arms within the ministerial research and development divisions would be relinquished to BRIN, with the staff retaining their place within their originating ministries.[27] The third option was probably offered due to some ministries having their research and development divisions being combined with those concerned with human resources development, such as in the Ministry of Religious Affairs' Research, Development, Education, and Training Agency.[28]
To strengthen BRIN's ability to coordinate all national research with those at the regional and local levels, on 22 July 2021 the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform issued Circular No. B/295/M.SM.02.03/2021 on the reformation and transformation of research resources.[30] The circular was addressed to all state-owned research institutions and regional and local research and development departments, and it mandated that those institutes coordinate their research and development under BRIN, and pushed for the formation of BRIDA offices by no later than 31 December 2022.[30] On 12 August 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs' Research and Development Agency—along with the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform, BRIN, the National Civil Service Agency, and the National Institute of Public Administration—held a symposium on Research Institution Reformation, where issues relating to research coordination under BRIN were discussed. The issues were: (1) the transfer of human resource from the institutions that were to be subsumed into BRIN, and (2) the difficulties involved in the formation of BRIDA. On the formation of BRIDA, the Ministry of Home Affairs offered its assistance to the regional and local governments in establishing their BRIDA offices.[31][32][33]
On 28 August 2021, BRIN, announced plans to cut off and dismantle redundant state research institutions and centers of excellence (COEs) in Indonesia to achieve efficiency in funding. BRIN also developed means to prevent the formation of such institutions in the future, to avoid redundant and needlessly costly research efforts.[34]
On 22 September 2021, the Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, a long-time subordinate agency of the Ministry of Research and Technology, officially become subordinate to BRIN. It was announced that it had become a "research unit under the BRIN".[35][36] The name of the Eijkman Institute was later changed to the Eijkman Molecular Biology Research Center, under the Life Sciences Research Organization of the National Research and Innovation Agency.[37] This was the first BRIN organizational capture after the consolidation.
On 24 January 2022, BRIN announced that eventually 919 state research units from 74 ministries and non-ministerial research arms would be consolidated under the BRIN umbrella. These units would be consolidated to form 104 research centers scattered across 18 research organizations. 12 research organizations would be inaugurated on 1 February 2022 as the first batch of 2022 consolidations.[38]
Attempt to challenge BRIN status
Two researchers, Eko Noer Kristianto and Heru Susetyo, submitted a judicial review to the Constitutional Court to challenge the government decision. The researchers claimed that BRIN's existence "potentially raised uncertainties" in the Indonesia scientific community and requested clarification on "integration" in laws regulating sciences in Indonesia.[39] The case was initially registered as Submission Deed No. 34/PUU/PAN.MK/AP3/08/2021 to the Constitutional Court. The deed was later registered as Case No. 46/PUU-XIX/2021 on 7 September 2021. The first review session was held on 21 September 2021.[40][41] On 15 December 2021, the Constitutional Court decided to dismiss the case.[42]
Structural revision
Presidential Decree No. 33/2021 clashed with existing laws, and scientists and lawmakers called for a revision of the constituting document. The biggest issues were clashes between Law No. 10/1997 (Nuclear Power) and Law No. 21/2013 (Law of Space), by which BATAN and LAPAN, respectively, were created, not through Presidential Decrees, such as created LIPI, BPPT, and other agencies.[43] On 7 July 2021, the government announced that the presidential decree No. 33/2021 would be superseded and thus change BRIN's operation and structure. The replacement document was still being drafted at the time of the announcement, which did give a glimpse of the future changes. The announcement outlined 5 major points of revision: (1) Changes to the presidential decree's articles that conflicted with preexisting laws; (2) Clarification of the integration mechanisms; (3) Harmonization between BRIN and other scientific and scientific regulatory agencies; (4) Fixing inter-agency coordination issues; (5) Setting up 10 to 11 Technical Implementing Organizations under BRIN. What Technical Implementing Organizations would be subordinated under BRIN was unknown at the time, but there would be some demotions of currently preexisting organizations, and some others would be split off from preexisting organizations.[44][45] The revision also defended BATAN and LAPAN being dismantled, although some parts of those institutions would join BRIN. Despite that, the said revision planned to clarify the differences between BRIN and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology in regulating science in Indonesia. The coordination between these two institutions on research matters with the House of Representatives (DPR) are yet to be made clear. As a result, currently consultation on research matters is split between two different commissions of the DPR.[43][46]
As part of the bargain made by preexisting agencies with BRIN, agencies subsumed into BRIN would still able to use their old designations when they do business, as the names were used for decades; and some active projects, contracts, and cooperations still retained the old names. For example, LAPAN would become the Aeronautics and Space Research Organization (Organisasi Riset Penerbangan dan Antariksa (ORPA)). Despite being known as ORPA, it can still use LAPAN on preexisting projects, contracts, and cooperations.[47]
On 30 July 2021, Joko Widodo issued Presidential Decree No. 62/2021, the permanent constituting document of Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, to the government's Legal Documentation Information Network.[48][49] The decree further cemented the ministry's regulatory oversight with regard to science, research, and technology through formation of the General Directorate of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, a miniaturized version of the Ministry of Research and Technology within the ministry body, not BRIN. While it made clear that BRIN would not have regulatory oversight anymore and vested that function in the ministry, the document still did not yet made clear the coordination between the ministry and BRIN. Nadiem Makarim himself asserted that BRIN is a partner of the ministry in performing research, not subordinate to the ministry.[50]
On 10 August 2021, as part of leaving the past, and the legacy of the Ristek era, behind, BRIN introduced a new logo. The change of the logo was announced at the same time of 26th National Technology Awakening Day celebration. The logo was drawn by Triawan Munaf , former chief of the Creative Economy Agency of Jokowi's previous Working Cabinet. The new logo was a stylized integration of the previous logos of LIPI, BPPT, LAPAN, and BATAN.[51][52][53] At the ceremony, Chairman Handoko announced the finalization of the upcoming draft of the BRIN lineup.[54]
On 24 August 2021, the new BRIN temporary constitutional document, Presidential Decree No. 78/2021, was signed as the replacement to Presidential Decree No. 33/2021; it was published on 1 September 2021. Based on the new decree, the structure of the BRIN steering committee and its staff was overhauled, the Technical Implementing Organizations (now termed simply as Research Organizations) in BRIN were expanded, and the integration mechanism clarified.[55] The new decree did not spare BATAN and LAPAN from disbandment, however; BATAN and LAPAN relinquished their power and rights granted by Law No. 10/1997 (Nuclear Power) and Law No. 21/2013 (Law of Space), respectively, to BRIN.[55] The decree also provided mechanisms for local and regional government to form BRIDA offices. In the old constituting document, BRIDA offices were formed solely by their respective local and regional governments. In the new constituting document, BRIDA formation is jointly managed by local/regional governments and BRIN, with BRIN providing advice to the local government. The BRIDAs can be attached to the local/regional government research and development department. This new arrangement comparatively lessened the managerial burden on local/regional governments.[55] It also better drew the dividing line between BRIN and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. BRIN inherited much of the former Ministry of Research and Technology, except some responsibilities that had to be left to the new ministry.[55] The decree also reconfigured the office of the Steering Committee, from its membership being drawn solely from BPIP steering committee members to being a mix of people from BPIP, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of National Development and Planning, as well as academicians and professionals.[56] The decree also raised the status of BRIN above that of a mere research and development agency. The decree officially gave BRIN the power and status of a ministerial office, as a cabinet-level agency (termed as Lembaga Setingkat Kementerian). The decree granted the BRIN Steering Committee increased power over BRIN activities and gave it the right to form Executive Assistance Task Forces to assist BRIN executives under "special circumstances".[56] BRIN also required to report its institutional performance biannually to the Steering Committee, and annually reported to the president.[55] On 2 September 2021, acting executive officers of the Research Organizations were inaugurated. With their inauguration, LIPI, BPPT, LAPAN, and BATAN come to the end, but their integration process still continued, with its expected completion pushed back to one year after the enactment of Decree No.78/2021.[55][57][58][59][60]
On 3 September 2021, BRIN announced that it would be gradually filling positions, in September 2021, December 2021, and March 2022.[61] The size of BRIN was yet to be disclosed to the public; on 6 September 2021, this was publicly made known.[62]
On 13 October 2021, after a period of controversy since May 2021, Megawati Soekarnoputri, Sri Mulyani, Suharso Monoarfa, Sudhamek Agung Waspodo Sunyoto, Emil Salim, I Gede Wenten, Bambang Kesowo, Adi Utarini, Marsudi Wahyu Kisworo, and Tri Mumpuni were inaugurated as BRIN Steering Committee members by President Widodo.[63][64][65]
Consolidation of research and development agencies within BRIN
In an attempt to consolidate state research activities under BRIN, the Indonesian government changed several ministries affected by the reform. Some ministries, which did not want to lose their R&D institutions to BRIN, due to R&D being vital for decision making were made to rescale their R&D operations, while also contributing part of their unit and resources to BRIN. Most ministries would no longer perform large-scale research, except for policy making purposes. The reform also changed BRIN so that it could perform such large scale research.[66]
There were some exceptions. For example, the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology's Human Resources Research and Development Agency was allowed to much of its R&D due to the agency's specialized research in communication monitoring and policy making, research that is not innovative. Moreover the agency focuses largely on education and training.[67] On 24 November 2021, the agency only relinquished 30 researchers, 2 research programs, and their funding to BRIN, to be combinied with preexisting BRIN research agencies.[68]
BRIN's research scope is not without its limitations. In January 2022, BRIN decided to focus only on civilian research, for flexibility and ease in forming research collaborations. Defense and security research would not be within BRIN's scope due to the critical and secretive nature of such research. As a result, only the Defense Research and Development Agency of the Ministry of Defense was left out of the integration of ministerial research and development into BRIN, despite some of the researchers being transferred to BRIN. Also left out the integration were research and development agencies of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. This led into various units and researches formerly under LAPAN and BPPT, units that focused in military research and defense and security affairs, being kept out of BRIN and instead put under the Ministry of Defense.[69][70] There was a plan to form a Defense Acquisition Institute (Lembaga Akuisisi Pertahanan), a military counterpart of BRIN, which was intended to oversee all military research and development agencies.[69] On 2 March 2022, the Ministry of Defense and BRIN signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for research collaboration to bridge the gap between military and civilian researchers.[70] On 17 June 2022, the Defense Research and Development Agency was replaced by the Agency for Defense Policy and Technology Development.[71]
The Research and Development Center of the Indonesian National Police would also not be liquidated. On 11 January 2022, the National Police signed a research collaboration MoU with BRIN, as most of its research partnerships had already been liquidated.[72]
Preceding agencies
This is a list of BRIN's predecessor agencies.
| # | Preceding agency | Original parent organization | Original founding date | Date acquired by BRIN | Acquirement mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ministry of Research and Technology | N/A | 16 March 1962 | 1 September 2021 | Full integration |
| 2 | National Research and Innovation Agency
(first incarnation) |
N/A | 24 October 2019 | 1 September 2021 | Full integration |
| 3 | Indonesian Institute of Sciences | N/A | 23 July 1967 | 1 September 2021 | Full integration |
| 4 | Technology Assessment and Application Agency | N/A | 21 August 1978 | 1 September 2021 | Full integration |
| 5 | National Nuclear Energy Agency | N/A | 5 December 1958 | 1 September 2021 | Full integration |
| 6 | National Institute of Aeronautics and Space | N/A | 27 November 1963 | 1 September 2021 | Full integration |
| 7 | Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology | Ministry of Research and Technology | 31 July 1992 | 22 September 2021 | Full integration |
| 8 | National Institute of Health Research and Development | Ministry of Health | 12 December 1975 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 9 | Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources | Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries | 15 December 2000 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 10 | Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development | Ministry of Agriculture | 26 August 1974 | 21 September 2022 | Partial integration |
| 11 | National Archaeology Research Institute | Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology | 14 June 1913 | 16 December 2021 | Full integration |
| 12 | Research, Development, and Innovation Agency | Ministry of Environment and Forestry | 16 May 1913 | TBA | Full integration |
| 13 | Environment and Forestry Instrumentation Standardization Agency | 14 September 2020 | TBA | Partial integration | |
| 14 | Research, Development, Education, and Training Agency | Ministry of Religious Affairs | 1 April 1975[73] | 16 December 2021 | |
| 15 | Lajnah Pentahsihan Mushaf Al-Qur'an (Bureau for Checking Copies of the Quran)[74] | 24 January 2007 | 16 December 2021 | Full integration | |
| 16 | Agency for Research and Development and Book Affairs | Ministry of Education and Culture | 18 October 1969 | 16 December 2021 | Partial integration |
| 17 | Agency for Law and Human Rights Research and Development | Ministry of Law and Human Rights | c. May 2001 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 18 | Bureau for Supports for Human Rights Enforcement | National Commission on Human Rights | 7 July 1993 | TBA | |
| 19 | Archival System Research and Development Center | National Archives of Indonesia | 28 January 1892 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 20 | Center for Research, Product Promotion, and Cooperation | Geospatial Information Agency | 17 October 1969 | 1 November 2022 | |
| 21 | Central Bureau of Statistics | 26 September 1960 | 16 December 2021 | ||
| 22 | Center for Research and Human Resource Development | National Standardization Agency | 26 March 1998 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 23 | Center for Research and Development | National Population and Family Planning Agency | 29 June 1970 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 24 | Center for Assessment of State Civil Servants Management | State Civil Service | 16 December 2021 | ||
| 25 | Center of Assessment of Radiation Facilities and Radioactives Monitoring System and Technology | Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency | 4 January 1999 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 26 | Center of Assessment of Nuclear Installations and Nuclear Materials Monitoring System and Technology | ||||
| 27 | Center for Development and Standardization of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning Policies | Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency | 26 August 1974 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 28 | Research and Development Agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs | Ministry of Home Affairs | 26 August 1974 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 29 | Agency for Development and Information of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration | Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration | 10 August 2020 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 30 | Agency for Planning and Development | Ministry of Manpower | 26 August 1974 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 31 | Fiscal Policies Agency | Ministry of Finance | c. 1975 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 32 | Human Resources Research and Development Agency | Ministry of Communication and Information Technology | 26 August 1974 | 16 December 2021 | Partial integration, human resource only |
| 33 | Assistant Deputy-ship of Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises Research and Development | Ministry of Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises | 19 October 2015 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 34 | Deputy of Strategic Policies | Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy/Tourism and Creative Economy Agency | 30 January 2020 | 16 December 2021 | Partial integration, human resource only |
| 35 | Trade Policy Analysis and Development Agency | Ministry of Trade | 29 April 2015 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 36 | Transportation Research and Development Agency | Ministry of Transportation | 22 April 1980 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 37 | Defense Research and Development Agency | Ministry of Defence | 24 August 1967 | 16 December 2021 | Partial integration, human resource only |
| 38 | Agency for Social Education, Research, and Extension | Ministry of Social Affairs | 26 August 1974 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 39 | State Administration Institute | 16 December 2021 | |||
| 40 | Agency for Research and Development, and Education and Training of Law and Justice | Supreme Court of Indonesia | 25 October 1994 | 16 December 2021 | |
| 41 | General Secretariat of People's Consultative Assembly | People's Consultative Assembly | 27 May 1999 | 16 December 2021 | Partial integration |
| 42 | General Secretariat of Regional Representative Council | Regional Representative Council | 3 August 2005 | 16 December 2021 | Partial integration |
| 43 | General Secretariat of People's Representative Council | People's Representative Council | 12 May 1984 | 16 December 2021 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency_(Indonesia)