This is a list of military parades held in Pyongyang, the capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) since 1948. All military parades consist of troops from the Korean People's Army and the paramilitary Worker-Peasant Red Guards. All military parades of a national nature are held on Pyongyang's Kim Il-sung Square with the General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, President of the State Affairs Commission and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of North Korea in attendance. These parades are broadcast live on Korean Central Television.

Contrary to popular belief, military parades are for the most part, held on quintennial or decennial anniversaries (every 5 or 10 years) and/or jubilee years (ex: 25th anniversary, 40th anniversary, 50th anniversary, 60th anniversary, 70th anniversary).^[1][2][3]

Many parade participants are awarded with special decorative medals as well as certain arrangements at their barracks.^[4]

Military Foundation Day

Parades held in honor of Military Foundation Day:

1948

The first parade of Korean People's Army took place on Military Foundation Day in 1948.^[5] It took place at Pyongyang Station in the presence of Soviet generals from the 25th Army and Soviet Civil Administration. It included the participation of about 20,000 North Korean soldiers who stood at attention during the first part of the parade in which Premier Kim Il Sung presided as commander in chief.

1972

It celebrated the KPRA's ruby jubilee.^[5] Unlike the first parade, this parade included more diverse contingents of troops, particularly motorized infantry.^[6] According to a later defector from the Pyongyang Defense Command, a female officer collapsed after her appendix burst following the parade, to which she was "praised" by her superiors for having concealed it.^[7] Head of the Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Marshal of the Soviet Union Kirill Moskalenko and commander of the Shenyang Military Region Chen Xilian were among the foreign dignitaries at the parade.

1992

In 1992, the KPRA's diamond jubilee parade was held.^[8] It saw the participation of over 20,000 active troops and 1,200 pieces of weaponry, as well veterans of all wars in which the DPRK was a participant.^[9] During the parade, KPA Supreme Commander Kim Jong Il made his first public speech during a military parade for the KPA's 60th anniversary and said:^[10] "Glory to the officers and soldiers of the heroic Korean People's Army!",^[11][5] which was followed by a loud applause by the crowd on the square. It was the last parade to include the Soviet-style goose step. Newly promoted Marshal O Jin-u made the keynote address and the parade was commanded by also newly promoted Vice Marshal Kim Kwang-jin.

2007

The parade celebrated the 75th anniversary of the KPRA.^[12] General Kim Kyok-sik, the then defence chief of the DPRK, gave the keynote address.^[13] The broadcast was delayed by three hours, with speculation by experts that this was due to Kim Jong Il's absence.^[14]

2013

The parade celebrated the 81st anniversary of the KPRA.^[15][16] It was one of the only times a parade was held on a non-jubilee year; the parade that was planned for the previous year was cancelled due to the preparations for the parade on the 100th anniversary of Kim Il Sung that was held ten days prior to the planned parade.^[17] It was the first to be held on the forecourt of the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun. Military hardware was not displayed during the parade.^[18] Speeches were delivered by commanders of the different branches of the KPA, during which they spoke of the military readiness of their branches.^[19]

2018

In 2018, the platinum jubilee anniversary of the founding of the KPA in its current form took place on 8 February that year.^[20] It was speculated that this parade, which was the first since the holiday was changed back to 8 February,^[21] was held deliberately to coincide with the 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, during which North Korean and South Korean athletes marched together in the parade of nations.^[22] The parade included 13,000 soldiers of the KPA.^[23]

2022

The 90th anniversary of the Korean People's Revolutionary Army [ko] was marked with a nighttime military parade on April 25.^[24] It marked a memorable first appearance for agents and employees of the Ministry of State Security and the women's traffic police officers of the Korean People's Internal Security Forces.

For the first time, corps and force battalions had their division and regimental/wing colours carried on parade. The military's honour guard troops performed the silent drill and it was showned on the broadcast with more screen time for the first time.

The columns of the troops are as follows:^[25]

• Honor Guards, Historical Troops and Corps-level Units

1. Honorary cavalrymen
2. Soldiers in Korean People's Revolutionary Army [ko] uniform
3. Soldiers in Fatherland Liberation War period uniform consisting the Army, Navy and Air Force
4. Guard Office of the Party Central Committee
5. Guard Department of the State Affairs Commission
6. Guard Department of the Party Central Committee
7. Supreme Guard Command
8. First Corps
9. Second Corps
10. Forth Corps
11. Fifth Corps
12. Navy
13. Air Force
14. Missile Maintenance Crewmembers of the Strategic Force
15. Special Operation Force
16. Anti-aircraft Artillery Corps
17. 91st Corps
18. 3rd Corps
19. 7th Corps
20. 8th Corps
21. 9th Corps
22. 10th Corps
23. 12th Corps
24. Seoul Ryu Kyong Su 105th Guards Armored Division
25. Guards 123th Tank Division
26. 425th Mechanized Infantry Division
27. 108th Mechanized Infantry Division
28. 815th Mechanized Infantry Division
29. 806th Mechanized Infantry Division
30. Scouts Infantry
31. Mountain Infantry
32. Engineer Unit
33. Chemical Warfare Unit
34. Electronic Jammer Operations Unit

• Universities and Military Schools of all levels

1. Kim Il Sung Military University
2. Kim Jong Il Military-Political University
3. Kim Il Sung University of Politics
4. Kim Jong Un University of National Defence
5. Kim Jong Suk Naval University
6. Kim Chaek Air Force University
7. Kang Kon Military Academy
8. O Jin U Artillery Academy
9. Mangyongdae Revolutionary School
10. Nampo Revolutionary School and Kang Pan Sok Revolutionary School

• Worker-Peasant Red Guards, Ministry of State Security and Civil Defence

1. Worker-Peasant Red Guards
2. Ministry of State Security
3. Traffic Security Women of the Ministry of Social Security
4. Emergency Epidemic Prevention Workers
5. Tracker Dog Search Party of the Ministry of Social Security
6. Special Mobile Corps of the Ministry of Social Security

2023

The parade celebrated the 75th anniversary of the KPA. Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un, who presided over the celebration parade, did not make an address. It would be the first time a new ceremonial colour of the KPA would be presented in public, as well as the brand new colour designs for its service branches and component units. A bigger historical column formed part of the year's festivities, including a small mobile column of equipment used in the late 1940s. As the parade was held in February, which is winter in the country, all of the troops wore winter gear.

The columns of the troops are as follows:^[26][27]

• Honor Guards

1. Honorary Cavalrymen Column (명예기병종대)

• Historical Troops

1. 7th Regiment Column in the Anti-Japanese War Period (항일의 7련대상징종대)
2. Bodyguard Company of the Supreme Headquarters Column during the Fatherland Liberation War (조국해방전쟁시기 친위중대상징종대)
3. 1st National Defence Division Column during the Fatherland Liberation War (제1국방사단상징종대)
4. 2nd Lightly-armed Infantry Division Column during the Fatherland Liberation War (제2경보병사단상징종대)
5. 3rd Independent Infantry Brigade Column during the Fatherland Liberation War (제3독립보병려단상징종대)
6. 4th Infantry Division Column during the Fatherland Liberation War (제4보병사단상징종대)

• Corps-level Units

1. Guard Office of the Party Central Committee Column (당중앙위원회 호위처종대)
2. Guard Department of the State Affairs Commission Column (국무위원회 경위국종대)
3. Bodyguard Department Column (호위국종대)
4. Supreme Guard Command Column (호위사령부종대)
5. 1st Corps Column (제1군단종대)
6. 2nd Corps Column (제2군단종대)
7. 4th Corps Column (제4군단종대)
8. 5th Corps Column (제5군단종대)
9. Navy Column (해군종대)
10. Air Force Column (공군종대)
11. Strategic Force Column (전략군종대)
12. Special Operation Force Column (특수작전군종대)
13. 91st Corps Column (제91군단종대)
14. Anti-aircraft Artillery Corps Column (특수작전군종대)
15. 3rd Corps Column (제3군단종대)
16. 7th Corps Column (제7군단종대)
17. 8th Corps Column (제8군단종대)
18. 9th Corps Column (제9군단종대)
19. 10th Corps Column (제10군단종대)
20. 12th Corps Column (제12군단종대)
21. Tank Armour Division Column (땅크장갑사단종대)
22. Seoul Ryu Kyong Su 105th Guards Armored Division Column (근위 서울류경수제105땅크사단종대)
23. 425th Mechanized Infantry Division Column (제425기계화보병사단종대)
24. 108th Mechanized Infantry Division Column (제108기계화보병사단종대)
25. 815th Mechanized Infantry Division Column (제815기계화보병사단종대)
26. 806th Mechanized Infantry Division Column (제806기계화보병사단종대)
27. Reconnaissance General Bureau Column (정찰총국종대)
28. 191 Command Intelligence Brigade Column (제191지휘정보려단종대)
29. 21st Engineer Brigade Column (제21공병려단종대)
30. 22nd Nuclearization Battalion Column (제22핵화학대대종대)
31. 208th Electronic Jammer Operations Unit Column (제208전자교란전대대종대)
32. 1st Mobile Hospital Column (제1기동병원종대)

• Universities and Military Schools of all levels

1. Kim Il Sung Military University Column (김일성군사종합대학종대)
2. Kim Jong Il University of Military and Politics Column (김정일군정대학종대)
3. Kim Il Sung University of Politics Column (김일성정치대학종대)
4. Kim Jong Suk Naval University Column (김정숙명칭해군대학종대)
5. Kim Chaek Air Force University Column (김책명칭공군대학종대)
6. Kang Kon Military Academy Column (강건명칭종합군관학교종대)
7. O Jin U Artillery Academy Column (오진우명칭포병종합군관학교종대)
8. Revolutionary Schools Column (혁명학원종대)

Republic Day

Parades in honor of the Day of the Foundation of the Republic:

1988

The parade celebrated the 40th anniversary of the republic.^[28] A Polish film named Defilada (The Parade) was published in 1989 by Andrzej Fidyk, who was sent by the government of the Polish People's Republic to create a documentary on the parade as well as the larger 40th anniversary celebrations.^[29] Chinese President Yang Shangkun as well as Bulgarian Premier Georgi Atanasov were in attendance.^[30][31]

1998

It celebrated the golden jubilee of the DPRK's establishment.^[32][33] The massed bands included a tri-service element which included military bands from all the branches.^[34][35]

2003

It celebrated the 55th anniversary of independence.^[34][12] It was the largest parade seen in the country in over a decade.^[36] Contrary to what was speculated, the hour and a half parade did not feature any new missiles.^[37] Only medium range missiles were displayed in the hardware section.^[38] The parade was the last appearance of Pak Song-chol, Premier of North Korea from 1976 to 1977.^[39]

2008

It celebrated the diamond jubilee of the foundation of the republic.^[40][34][12] It was noted for the absence of General Secretary Kim Jong-Il, which caused speculation on his state of health.^[41] Many intelligence agencies in the United States believed Kim might be "gravely ill" after suffering from a stroke, which caused his absence from the parade.^[42] Only the Worker-Peasant Red Guards took part, providing personnel and equipment for the marchpast and the mobile column.

2011

It celebrated the 63rd anniversary of independence. It marked one of the last appearances by Kim Jong Il and his successor Kim Jong Un together.^[43] The parade followed the former's return from a state visit to Russia.^[44] Just like in 2008, the Worker-Peasant Red Guards made up the majority of the parading units.

2013

The parade marked the 65th anniversary of the establishment of the republic.^{[34][45][46][47]}

2018

In 2018, North Korea marked the 70th anniversary of its foundation. The parade was inspected by Vice Marshal Ri Yong-gil^[48] and saw the introduction of new camouflage inspection vehicles.^[49] It also saw the rare refrain from displaying intercontinental ballistic missiles.^[50] Russian Federation Council Chairman Valentina Matviyenko and Mauritanian President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, as well as delegations from Cuba, Syria, Lebanon, the State of Palestine, Uganda, and South Africa were in attendance during the celebrations.^[51] General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping was expected to attend the parade during his state visit to North Korea on 9 September, but cancelled his attendance, instead sending Li Zhanshu, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.^[52][53][54] American President Donald Trump displayed the parade as an accomplishment in the Korean peace process, noting the lack of ICBMs that were paraded.

2021

In 2021, a civilian, internal and paramilitary forces parade took place on the midnight leading up to 9 September.^[55] This parade did not feature the Korean People's Army Ground Force and no associated heavy weaponry; it instead featured the Worker-Peasant Red Guards of various provinces and the Ministry of Public Security. Other units featured were the firefighters of Pyongyang, Air Koryo, Ministry of Railways, Kim Chaek Iron and Steel Complex, Huichon Ryonha Machine Factory, Hungnam Fertilizer Complex, Rakwon General Machine Enterprise, Chollima Steel Complex, Ryongsong Machine Complex, Sunchon Area Youth Coal Mining Complex, Pyongyang Kim Jong Suk Textile Mill, Ministry of Public Health, State Academy of Sciences, people involved in culture, Kim Il Sung University, Kim Chaek University of Technology and the Young Red Guards. Parachutists carrying the national flag landed in Kim Il-sung Square and various aircraft overflew the square, shooting flares.^[56] The WPK PAD Director Ri Il-hwan made a speech at the parade.^[57]

2023

North Korea's Leader Kim Jong Un presided over a meeting on August 10, 2023 which the Central Military Commission of the WPK discussed preparations for the upcoming Military Parade marking the 75th (Diamond Jubilee) Anniversary of the Founding of the Republic in Pyongyang. It was expected that the parade would be more focusing on the country's militia forces, mostly the Worker-Peasant Red Guards. The parade was held as scheduled.

The columns of the troops are as follows:^[58]

1. Capital city Party members division
2. Pyongyang Municipality branch
3. North Phyongan Province branch
4. South Phyongan Province branch
5. North Hwanghae Province branch
6. South Hwanghae Province branch
7. Jagang Province branch
8. Kangwon Province branch
9. North Hamgyong Province branch
10. South Hamgyong Province branch
11. Ryanggang Province branch
12. Nampo City branch
13. Rason City branch
14. Kaesong City branch
15. Kim Il Sung University branch
16. Kim Chaek University of Technology branch
17. Hwanghae Iron and Steel Complex branch
18. Namhung Youth Chemical Complex branch
19. Pukchang Thermal Power Complex branch
20. Sunchon Area Youth Coal Mining Complex branch
21. Ryongsung Machinery Combined Corporation branch
22. Sangwon Cement Complex branch
23. Korean State Railway branch
24. Kim Jong Suk Pyongyang Textile Mill branch
25. Wonhwa Farm of Phyongwon County branch
26. State Academy of Sciences branch
27. Ministry of Culture branch
28. Ministry of Physical Culture and Sports branch
29. Ministry of Public Health branch
30. Young Red Guards

Workers Party Day

Parades in honor of Party Foundation Day:

1995

Celebrated the 50th golden jubilee anniversary of the WPK.^[59][60] The parade was the first of its kind held in the country. It was the first parade presided by Kim Jong Il as leader of the country.^[61] Defence minister Choe Kwang delivered the keynote address at the ceremony.^[62]

2000

Celebrated the 55th anniversary of the WPK.

2005

It celebrated the 60th anniversary of the WPK.^[63][64]

2010

Celebrated the 65th anniversary of the WPK. It was the first time Kim Jong Il's successor Kim Jong Un had appeared at a military parade.^[65] This appearance came two weeks after Kim was made Kim Jong Un was made a daejang (four-star general) and was appointed Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea.^[66][67] This was seen as a sign of Kim's future as the next leader of the country. This was the first parade to allow full international press access, an unprecedented decision.^[68] Chief of the General Staff Ri Yong-ho gave the keynote speech.^[69] It displayed new surface-to-air missiles that resembled the S-300 and the HQ-9.^[70] The central chant of the parade was: "Kim Jong Il! Protect him to the death! Kim Jong Il, let's unite to support him!"^[71] It was the last time the Mercedes-Benz 600 was used in a military parade.^[72]

2015edit

The parade marked the 70th anniversary of the WPK.^[73] It was delayed for several hours due to thunderstorms that took place the night before.^[74] The parade did not feature any new weapons such as UAVs or ballistic missiles.^[75] Chinese First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party Liu Yunshan was in attendance.^[76] It also preceded the announcement of the 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea. Among the parade formations was the Paektusan Hero Youth Shock Brigade, which came to Pyongyang at the personal request of Kim Jong Un.^[77]

2020edit

The 2020 parade marked the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the WPK.^[78] The parade was held in spite of the COVID-19 pandemic, with many foreign observers noticing the lack of facemasks in the parade and in the audience stands.^[79] The Kim Jong-un National Defense University participated in the parade for the first time. The school dean was put in charge of the school's preparation for the parade and a former soldier with "relevant experience" served as flag bearer for the KJU University colour.^[80] Renovations to the viewing platform om Kim Il Sung Square were made for the parade, with a new marble viewing platform replacing the previous one used for parades.^[81][82] Also, it was the first to be held at midnight, and saw the return of the Soviet style goose-step as the official parade step of all KPA formations. Additionally, Chinese military influences were also observed, such as the style of flag raising and turning of heads during parade inspection. Formations of military academy officers were dressed in a new redesigned full dress uniform that bore similarities to the Russian military uniform that was introduced in 2017. Generals, marshals and admirals wore new double-breasted dress uniforms based on those worn by Zhukov, Rokossovsky and other World War II Soviet marshals, generals and admirals at the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945. In addition new uniforms debuted which featured digital camouflage, replacing the classic combat uniforms that were used for many years.^[83] The massed military bands performed an exhibition drill routine, shaping the numbers "10.10", "1945", and "2020" during the prelude to the parade.^[84] In the mobile column, the most notable addition to the parade were four liquid-fueled ICBMs, unveiled for the first time since 2018.^[85] This parade also introduced a new main battle tank that had not previously been seen, the unofficially named M2020.^{[citation needed]}

National Liberation Day/Victory Dayedit

Parades in honor of the National Liberation Day of Korea and the Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War:

1949 and 1953-60edit

The 1949 Liberation day parade was the first parade held since the DPRK's establishment.^[86] Held at Pyongyang Station, it celebrated the 4th liberation anniversary. A parade was held again in 1953 after the end of the Korean War,^[87] and then conducted every year until 1960. The 1960 parade celebrated the 15th anniversary of liberation.^[88] It was the last parade to be held until 1985.^[8][89][90]

1985edit

The parade was part of country's 40th anniversary of liberation ceremonies. In attendance was First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union and future President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev.^[91] The North Korean Koksan self-propelled gun was unveiled at the parade.^[92] Other notable attendees included O Chin-u, Kim Jong Il, and Marshal Vasily Petrov (Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Army).^[93][94]

1993edit

This parade celebrated the ruby jubilee of the Korean armistice.^[95][96] It was the first one of its kind held in its honor and the only one held for 20 years.^[97]

2013edit

It celebrated the diamond jubilee since the armistice.^[98][12] It was attended by representatives of veterans groups from China and the DPRK, with Chinese Vice President Li Yuanchao attending on behalf of Xi Jinping.^{[citation needed]} It was also attended by Chinese volunteers who fought on the side of the DPRK as part of People's Volunteer Army.^[99]

Outside of Vice President Li, attending dignitaries included the following:^[100]

• Former PLA Air Force commander Yu Zhenwu
• Mongolian Vice Minister of Defense Avirmed Battor
• Deputy Commander of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran Sayed Hamidreza Tabatabaei
• Vice President of Uganda Edward Ssekandi^[101]
• Vice President of Zambia Guy Scott^[102][103]
• Assistant Secretary-General of the National Command of the Syrian Ba'ath Party Abdullah al-Ahmar
• Deputy Chairman of the Russian Society of Veterans of the Korean War Janus Kanov^[104]

Politburo member U Tong-chuk appeared at the parade after a 17-month absence.^[105] Choe Ryong-hae, the director of the KPA General Political Bureau delivered the keynote address, saying that "a peaceful environment is important for the country that gives priority to economic construction and improvement of the lives of our people".^[106] American-made MD Helicopters MD 500 were unveiled during the parade.

2023edit

Prior to the anniversary day, analysis suggested that North Korea would hold a military parade to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the armistice by satellite imagery observation of the country's military, where they were seen doing practice and rehearsal for the upcoming parade.^[107]

The parade was held on the night of the anniversary day where delegates from Russia and China was invited to the parade. This is the first time North Korea invited foreign delegates to the country's military parade since the Covid-19 pandemic. The parade displayed the country's latest defence arsenal such as airborne and underwater drones.^[108] Once more Kim Jong-un did not make the keynote address that night, instead Kang Sun-nam was delegated to give the address to the nation.

The columns of the troops are as follows:^[109]

• Historical Division of the KPA during the Fatherland Liberation War

1. Wartime Officers Column, with the portrait of Kim Il Sung (조국해방전쟁시기 지휘관종대)
2. Bodyguard Company (조국해방전쟁시기 친위중대)
3. Guards Kang Kon 2nd Infantry Division Column (근위 강건제2보병사단)
4. Guards Seoul 3rd Infantry Division Column (근위 서울제3보병사단)
5. Seoul Kim Chaek 4th Infantry Division Column (근위 서울김책제4보병사단)
6. Guards 6th Infantry Division Column (근위 제6보병사단)
7. Andong 12th Infantry Division Column (안동 제12보병사단)
8. Composite Battalion Column from 10th, 18th, 14th and 86th Guards Infantry Divisions (근위보병련대들)
9. 56th Guard Fighter Aircraft Regiment Column (근위 제56추격기련대)
10. Second Torpedo Boat Squadron Column (근위 제2어뢰정대)
11. Railway Soldiers Column (조국해방전쟁시기 철도병부대)
12. Ministry of Social Security Column (내무성 군대)
13. Guerilla Battalion Column of Socialist Patriotic Youth League and Korean Children's Union (조국해방전쟁시기 소년 및 남녀빨찌산종대)
14. Mechanized Contingent Column consisting Seoul Occupation Unit (조국해방전쟁시기 서울점령부대), Guards Anti-air Artillery Regiments (근위고사포병련대들) and Heavy Machinegun Carriages (중기마차종대)

• Honor Guards and Corps-level Units

1. Honorary Cavalrymen Column (명예기병종대)
2. Security Office of the WPK Central Committee Column (당중앙위원회 호위처종대)
3. Guard Department of the State Affairs Commission Column (국무위원회 경위국종대)
4. Bodyguard Department Column (호위국종대)
5. Supreme Guard Command Column (호위사령부종대)
6. 1st Corps Column (제1군단종대)
7. 2nd Corps Column (제2군단종대)
8. 5th Corps Column (제5군단종대)
9. 4th Corps Column (제4군단종대)
10. Navy Column (해군종대)
11. Air Force Column (공군종대)
12. Strategic Forces Column (전략군종대)
13. Special Operation Forces Column (특수작전군종대)
14. Mountain Warfare Unit Column (적후산악활동부대종대)
15. 41st Amphibious Shock Battalion Column (제41상륙돌격대대종대)
16. 91st Corps Column (제91군단종대)
17. Pyongyang Anti-aircraft Missile Corps Column (평양지구반항공미싸일사단종대)
18. 3rd Corps Column (제3군단종대)
19. 7th Corps Column (제7군단종대)
20. 8th Corps Column (제8군단종대)
21. 9th Corps Column (제9군단종대)
22. 10th Corps Column (제10군단종대)
23. 12th Corps Column (제12군단종대)
24. Tank Armour Division Column (땅크장갑사단종대)
25. Seoul Ryu Kyong Su 105th Guards Armored Division Column (근위 서울류경수제105땅끄사단종대)
26. 425th Mechanized Infantry Division Column (제425기계화보병사단종대)
27. 108th Mechanized Infantry Division Column (제108기계화보병사단종대)
28. 815th Mechanized Infantry Division Column (제815기계화보병사단종대)
29. 806th Mechanized Infantry Division Column (제806기계화보병사단종대)
30. Reconnaissance General Bureau Column (정찰총국종대)

• Universities and Military Schools of all levels

1. Kim Il Sung Military University Column (김일성군사종합대학종대)
2. Kim Jong Il University of Military and Politics Column (김정일군정대학종대)
3. Kim Il Sung University of Politics Column (김일성정치대학종대)
4. Mangyongdae Revolutionary School Column (만경대혁명학원종대)
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Military_parades_in_North_Korea
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