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The president of the Senate is the highest authority of the Senate of Spain, the upper house of the Cortes Generales, the legislative branch of Spain. The President is elected by and among the incumbent senators.

The office was established in 1834 by the Royal Statue which structured the legislature as a bicameral parliament with an upper house called House of Peers, formed by high clerics, grandees, other nobles and relevant members of the civil society. The current name of the upper house is Senate since 1837 and is currently regulated in Part III, Section 69 of the Constitution of 1978 which establishes a chamber with two kind of members: popular-elected senators and senators designated by regional legislatures.

In its almost two centuries of history, the Senate has not been always active. Between August 1836 and November 1837 the upper house was suppressed because of a revolt against the conservative government of the Queen Regent which forced her to reinstate the Constitution of 1812. In late 1837, a new Constitution was passed and the political stability restored. The next suppression happened in 1873, after the abdication of King Amadeo I, and was reestablished in 1877 when the Constitution of 1876 was passed.

Under the protection of this last constitution, there was the longest period of stability that lasted until the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1923, which established a unicameral parliament. After the end of the dictatorship and the end of the Reign of Alfonso XIII, the Second Republic did not recover the upper house and maintained the unicameral parliament, thing that also did the dictator Francisco Franco. With the recovery of democracy, in 1977 the bicameral parliament was reestablished.

Since its creation in 1834, 44 people have served as president in 63 presidencies. The first president was the Duke of Bailén who served for 60 days before resigning. The shortest presidency was that of the Marquess of Miraflores which was president briefly between August 3 and August 12, 1836 and the longest was that of Javier Rojo serving 7 years, 8 months and 10 days. Many presidents have served in non-consecutive terms in office; The Marquess of Miraflores and Eugenio Montero Ríos served in five non-consecutive terms. The first woman who have served as president was Esperanza Aguirre, between 1999 and 2002. The current and 63rd President is Pedro Rollán, senator representing Madrid.^[1]

List

House of Peers

Presidency		Name		Start	End	Party	Election	Refs.
Reign of Isabella II under the Regency of Maria Christina of Bourbon (1833-1840)
	1st		The Duke of Bailén	17 July 1834	15 September 1834	Independent	Royal Prerogative (Royal Statue of 1834 § 12)	[2][3]
	2nd		The Duke of Ahumada	15 September 1834	30 May 1835	Independent		[3][4]
	3rd		Pedro González Vallejo Archbishop-elect of Toledo	10 October 1835	23 May 1836	Independent		[5][6] [7][8]
	4th		The Marquess of Miraflores	3 August 1836	12 August 1836	Moderate		[9][10]
The House of Peers was suppressed during 1836 and 1837

Senate

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Spain
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Presidency		Name		Start	End	Party	Election	Refs.
Reign of Isabella II under the Regency of Maria Christina of Bourbon (1833-1840)
	5th		The Count of Fontao	18 November 1837	11 October 1840	Moderate	Royal Prerogative (Constitution of 1837 § 31)	[11][12] [13][14] [15][16] [17][18]
Reign of Isabella II under the Regency of Baldomero Espartero (1840-1843)
	6th		The Count of Almodóvar	5 March 1841	31 May 1842	Progressive	Royal Prerogative (Constitution of 1837 § 31)	[19][20] [21][22]
	7th		Álvaro Gómez Becerra	22 June 1842	19 May 1843	Progressive		[23][24] [25][26] [27][28]
Reign of Isabella II (Queen's coming of age) (1843-1868)
	8th		Mauricio Carlos de Onís	14 October 1843	4 July 1844	Progressive	Provisional Government	[29][30]
	9th		The Count of Fontao	2 October 1844	28 July 1845	Moderate	Royal Prerogative (Constitution of 1837 § 31)	[31][32]
	10th		The Marquess of Miraflores	5 November 1845	30 October 1846	Moderate	Royal Prerogative (Constitution of 1845 § 30)	[33][34]
	11th		The Marquess of Viluma	29 December 1846	5 October 1847	Moderate		[35][36]
	12th		The Marquess of Miraflores	6 November 1847	6 April 1851	Moderate		[37][38] [39] [40][41] [42][43]
	13th		The Marquess of Viluma	27 May 1851	7 January 1852	Moderate		[44][45]
	14th		The Marquess of Miraflores	21 November 1852	2 December 1852	Moderate		[46][47]
	15th		Joaquín Ezpeleta Enrile	12 February 1853	9 April 1853	Moderate		[48][49]
	16th		The Marquess of Viluma	18 November 1853	16 July 1857	Moderate		[50][51] [52]
	17th		Francisco Javier de Istúriz	30 January 1858	11 September 1858	Moderate		[53][49]
	18th		The Marquess of Duero	20 November 1858	10 October 1865	Moderate		[54][55] [56][57] [58][59] [60][61] [62][63] [64][65]
	19th		The Duke of la Torre	12 December 1865	30 December 1866	Liberal Union		[66][67]
	20th		The Marquess of Miraflores	19 March 1867	6 December 1868	Moderate		[68][69] [70][71]
Reign of Amadeo I (1871-1873)
	21st		Francisco Santa Cruz Pacheco	4 April 1871	28 June 1872	Constitutional	Chosen by the House (Constitution of 1869 § 46)	[72][73] [74][75] [76][77]
	22nd		Laureano Figuerola	18 September 1872	11 February 1873	Constitutional		[78][79]
The Senate was suppressed during 1873 and 1877
Reign of Alfonso XII (1875-1885)
	23rd		Manuel García Barzanallana	24 April 1877	25 June 1881	Conservador	Royal Prerogative (Constitution of 1876 § 36)	[80][81] [82][83] [84][85] [86][87] [88][89]
	24th		The Marquess of La Habana	18 September 1881	26 July 1883	Conservador		[90][91] [92][93]
	25th		The Duke of la Torre	12 December 1883	31 March 1884	Dynastic Left		[94][95]
	26th		The Count of Puñonrrostro	16 May 1884	11 July 1885	Conservador		[96][97]
Regency of Maria Christina of Austria (1885-1902)
	27th		Arsenio Martínez Campos	23 December 1885	8 March 1886	Liberal	Royal Prerogative (Constitution of 1876 § 36)	[98][99]
	28th		The Marquess of La Habana	8 May 1886	29 December 1890	Conservador		[100][101] [102][103] [104][105] [106][107] [108][109]
	29th		Arsenio Martínez Campos	27 February 1891	4 February 1893	Liberal		[110][111]
	30th		The Marquess of La Habana	3 April 1893	16 October 1894	Conservador		[112][113]
	31st		Eugenio Montero Ríos	10 November 1894	28 February 1896	Liberal		[114][115]
	32nd		José Elduayen Gorriti	7 May 1896	26 February 1898	Conservador		[116][117]
	33rd		Eugenio Montero Ríos	18 April 1898	16 March 1899	Liberal		[118][119]
	34th		Arsenio Martínez Campos	30 May 1899	23 September 1900 / 18 October 1900	Liberal		[120][121][122]
	35th		Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero	18 October 1900	8 November 1900	Conservador		[123][124]
	36th		The Count of Tejada de Valdosera	8 November 1900	24 April 1901	Conservador		[125][126]