The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.^[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.^[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.^[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.^[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which was equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.^[5]

Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in intermediary metabolism.^[3] In 1939 Gerhard Domagk, a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money.^[6] As of 2021, the prize has been awarded to 224 individuals, twelve of them were women (Gerty Cori being the first to be awarded in 1947).^[7]

There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). There were also five years for which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Robert Bárány in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.^[8] This precedent was followed for the 1922 prize awarded to Archibald Hill and Otto Fritz Meyerhof in 1923,^[9] the 1926 prize awarded to Johannes Fibiger in 1927,^[10] the 1938 prize awarded to Corneille Heymans in 1939,^[11] and the 1943 prize awarded to Henrik Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy in 1944.^[12]

Laureates

Year	Image	Laureate	Country	Rationale	Ref
1901		Emil von Behring (1854–1917)	Germany	"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"	[13]
1902		Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932)	United Kingdom	"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"	[14]
1903		Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860–1904)	Denmark	" his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"	[15]
1904		Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)	Russia	"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"	[16]
1905		Robert Koch (1843–1910)	Germany	"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"	[17]
1906		Camillo Golgi (1843–1926)	Italy	"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"	[18]
		Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934)	Spain
1907		Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922)	France	"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"	[19]
1908		Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916)	Russia	"in recognition of their work on immunity"	[20]
		Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915)	Germany
1909		Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917)	Switzerland	"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"	[21]
1910		Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927)	Germany	"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"	[22]
1911		Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930)	Sweden	"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"	[23]
1912		Alexis Carrel (1873–1944)	France	" his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"	[24]
1913		Charles Richet (1850–1935)	France	" his work on anaphylaxis"	[25]
1914		Robert Bárány (1876–1936)	Austria-Hungary	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"	[8]
1915	Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919		Jules Bordet (1870–1961)	Belgium	"for his discoveries relating to immunity"	[26]
1920		August Krogh (1874–1949)	Denmark	"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"	[27]
1921	Not awarded
1922		Archibald Hill (1886–1977)	United Kingdom	"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"	[9]
		Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1884–1951)	Germany	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"	[9]
1923		Sir Frederick Banting (1891–1941)	Canada	"for the discovery of insulin"	[28]
		John Macleod (1876–1935)	United Kingdom
1924		Willem Einthoven (1860–1927)	Netherlands	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"	[29]
1925	Not awarded
1926		Johannes Fibiger (1867–1928)	Denmark	"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"	[10]
1927		Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940)	Austria	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"	[30]
1928		Charles Nicolle (1866–1936)	France	"for his work on typhus"	[31]
1929		Christiaan Eijkman (1868–1930)	Netherlands	"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"	[32]
		Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947)	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"	[32]
1930		Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943)	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"	[33]
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970)	Germany	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"	[34]
1932		Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952)	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"	[35]
		Edgar Adrian (1889–1977)
1933		Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945)	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"	[36]
1934		George Whipple (1878–1976)	United States	"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"	[37]
		George Minot (1885–1950)
		William P. Murphy (1892–1987)
1936		Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968)	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"	[38]
		Otto Loewi (1873–1961)	Austria
1937		Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986)	Hungary	"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"	[39]
1938		Corneille Heymans (1892–1968)	Belgium	"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"	[11]
1939		Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964)	Germany	"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"	[40]
1940	Not awarded
1941
1942
1943		Henrik Dam (1895–1976)	Denmark	"for his discovery of vitamin K"	[12]
		Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893–1986)	United States	"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"	[12]
1944		Joseph Erlanger (1874–1965)	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"	[41]
		Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888–1963)
1945		Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"	[42]
		Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906–1979)
		Howard Walter Florey (1898–1968)	Australia
1946		Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967)	United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"	[43]
1947		Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984)	United States	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"	[44]
		Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896–1957)
		Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887–1971)	Argentina	"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"	[44]
1948		Paul Hermann Müller (1899–1965)	Switzerland	"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"	[45]
1949		Walter Rudolf Hess (1881–1973)	Switzerland	"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"	[46]
		António Caetano Egas Moniz (1874–1955)	Portugal	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"	[46]
1950		Philip Showalter Hench (1896–1965)	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"	[47]
		Edward Calvin Kendall (1886–1972)
		Tadeusz Reichstein (1897–1996)	Switzerland
1951		Max Theiler (1899–1972)	South Africa  United States	"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"	[48]
1952		Selman Abraham Waksman (1888–1973)	United States	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"	[49]
1953		Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981)	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"	[50]
		Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986)	United States	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"	[50]
1954		John Franklin Enders (1897–1985)	United States	"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"	[51]
		Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916–2003)
		Thomas Huckle Weller (1915–2008)
1955		Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (1903–1982)	Sweden	"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"	[52]
1956	Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.  Navigácia: Veda > Analytika Antropológia Aplikované vedy Bibliometria Dejiny vedy Encyklopédie Filozofia vedy Forenzné vedy Humanitné vedy Knižničná veda Kryogenika Kryptológia Kulturológia Literárna veda Medzidisciplinárne oblasti Metódy kvantitatívnej analýzy Metavedy Metodika Metodológia vedy Náboženstvo a veda Náučná literatúra Podvody vo vede Popularizácia vedy Potravinárstvo Prírodné vedy Pseudoveda Scientometria Spoločenské vedy Teórie Teatrológia Technické vedy Technika Terminológia Umenie Výskum Veda Veda a technika podľa štátu Veda a technika podľa kontinentu Veda a technika podľa roka Veda v kozme Vedci Vedecká literatúra Vedecké databázy Vedecké experimenty Vedecké konferencie Vedecké metódy Vedecké ocenenia Vedecké organizácie Vedecké parky Vedeckí spisovatelia Vzdelávanie Záhady Príbuzné výrazy: Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk