Hōkūleʻa arrival in Honolulu from Tahiti in 1976
History
Hawai'i, United States
Name	Hōkūleʻa
Namesake	The star Hōkūleʻa (Arcturus), which travels directly above the latitude of Hawai'i
Owner	Polynesian Voyaging Society
Launched	8 March 1975
Identification	MMSI number: 376616230 Callsign: WDH4295
Status	Active
Notes	A reconstruction of a traditional Hawai'ian bluewater vessel
General characteristics
Class and type	wa'a kaulua
Tons burthen	27,000 lb (12 t)[1]
Length	62+1⁄3 ft (19.0 m) overall[1]
Beam	17.5 ft (5.3 m)[1]
Draught	2.5 ft (0.76 m)[1]
Propulsion	Sail
Sail plan	wa'a kaulua, crabclaw sails
Complement	12
Notes	Hōkūleʻa has, in the past, been Bermuda-rigged for some passages.

Hōkūleʻa^[2][3] is a performance-accurate waʻa kaulua,^[4][5] a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe.^[6][7] Launched on 8 March 1975^[8] by the Polynesian Voyaging Society, it is best known for its 1976 Hawaiʻi to Tahiti voyage completed with exclusively traditional navigation techniques.^[9][10] The primary goal of the voyage was to explore the anthropological theory of the Asiatic origin of native Oceanic people (Polynesians and Hawaiians in particular) as the result of purposeful trips through the Pacific, as opposed to passive drifting on currents or sailing from the Americas.^[11][12] DNA analysis supports this theory.^[13] A secondary project goal was to have the canoe and voyage "serve as vehicles for the cultural revitalization of Hawaiians and other Polynesians."^[14]

Between the 1976 voyage and 2009, Hōkūle‘a completed nine^[update] additional voyages to Micronesia, Polynesia, Japan, Canada and the mainland United States, all using ancient wayfinding techniques of celestial navigation. On 19 January 2007, Hōkūle‘a left Hawaiʻi with the voyaging canoe Alingano Maisu on a voyage through Micronesia (map) and ports in southern Japan. The voyage was expected to take five months. On 9 June 2007,^[15] Hōkūle‘a completed the "One Ocean, One People" voyage to Yokohama, Japan. On 5 April 2009,^[16] Hōkūle‘a returned to Honolulu following a roundtrip training sail to Palmyra Atoll,^[17][18] undertaken to develop skills of potential crewmembers for Hōkūle‘a's eventual circumnavigation of the Earth.^[19]

On 18 May 2014 Hōkūle‘a and its sister vessel, Hikianalia embarked from Oahu for "Malama Honua," a three-year circumnavigation of the earth. It returned to port in Hawaii on 17 June 2017. The journey covered 47,000 nautical miles with stops at 85 ports in 26 countries.^[20][21]

In between voyages, Hōkūle‘a is moored at the Marine Education Training Center (METC) of Honolulu Community College in Honolulu Harbor.

Construction

Polynesian voyaging canoes were made from wood, whereas Hōkūle‘a incorporates plywood, fiberglass and resin.^[8] Hōkūle‘a measures 61 feet 5 inches (18.7 m) LOA, 15 feet 6 inches (4.72 m) at beam, displaces 16,000 pounds (7,260 kg) when empty and can carry another 11,000 pounds (4,990 kg) of gear, supplies and 12 to 16 crew. Fully laden, with its 540-square-foot (50.2 m²) sail area,^[22] it is capable of speeds of 4 to 6 knots (5 to 7 mph; 7 to 10 km/h). The twin wood masts were built by LeVan Keola Sequeira.^[23] They are rigged either crab claw or Marconi style with a small jib. It is steered with a long paddle. It has no auxiliary motor. Its escort vessel tows it into harbor when necessary. Its name means "star of gladness" in Hawaiian, which refers to Arcturus, a guiding zenith star for Hawaiian navigators.^[8] Arcturus passes directly overhead at Hawaiʻi's latitude, helping sailors find the island.

Pius "Mau" Piailug

Hōkūle‘a navigates without instruments. In 1975, no living Hawaiian knew the ancient techniques for blue water voyaging.^[24] To enable the voyage, the Polynesian Voyaging Society recruited the Satawalese Master Navigator Mau Piailug (of the Weriyeng school in the Caroline Islands (map) of the Federated States of Micronesia (map)) to share his knowledge of non-instrument navigation. While as many as six Micronesian navigators had mastered these traditional methods as of the mid-1970s,^[25] only Mau was willing to share his knowledge.

Mau, who "barely spoke English", decided that by reaching beyond his own culture, sharing what had been closely guarded knowledge, he could possibly save it from extinction. Through this collaboration, Mau's mentorship helped "spark pride in the Hawaiian and Polynesian culture", leading to "a renaissance of voyaging, canoe building, and non-instrument navigation that has continued to grow, spreading across Polynesia (map) and reaching to its far corners of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Rapanui, Easter Island".^[26]

Voyages

Inaugural voyage (1976)

Led by Captain Elia David Kuʻualoha "Kawika" Kapahulehua^* and Navigator Pius "Mau" Piailug, a Carolinian master navigator^*,^[27] Hōkūleʻa departed Honolua Bay, Maui, Hawaiʻi for Papeʻete, Tahiti, (voyage map) as part of the celebration of the United States Bicentennial. Mau navigated from Hawaii to Tahiti without instruments. Due to a conflict between crew members which escalated into physical violence, Mau abruptly returned home to Micronesia after reaching Tahiti. Hōkūleʻa had to be navigated back using western instruments (compass, nautical charts, sextant, chronometer, dividers, parallel rulers, pencil, nautical almanac).^[28]

On board the inaugural voyage was Hoku, a golden hair Hawaiian Poi Dog backbred by Jack L. Throp of the Honolulu Zoo. Razor-backed pigs and Polynesian chickens were also bred at the zoo for the voyage, but the director would not part with them at the last minute. Instead, the voyage hurriedly brought a white domesticated pig from Kōkeʻe, Kauai named Maxwell, and a cock and hen. The purpose of the animals was to study how to feed and care for these animals, which had been transported by the Polynesians during their voyages.^[29][30][31]

Honolua Bay, Maui, Hawaiʻi (map),  United States – Papeʻete, Tahiti (map), Society Islands (map),  French Polynesia (map)

^[28] 1 May 1976 to 4 June 1976

The crew for this leg was as follows:'Navigator: Mau Piailug; Captain: "Kawika" Kapahulehua; Crew: Clifford Ah Mow^*, Milton "Shorty" Bertelmann, Ben R. Finney, Charles Tommy Holmes^*, Sam Kalalau^*, Boogie Kalama, Buffalo Keaulana, John Kruse, Douglas "Dukie" Kuahulu^*, David Henry Lewis^*, David B. K. "Dave" Lyman III^*,^[32] William "Billy" Richards, Rodo Tuku Williams.^*

Papeʻete, Tahiti,  French Polynesia – Hawaiʻi,  United States

5 July 1976 to 26 July 1976^[33][34]

The crew for the return voyage was: Navigator: James "Kimo" Lyman;^[35] Captain: "Kawika" Kapahulehua; Crew: Abraham "Snake" Ah Hee, Andy Espirto^*, Mel Kinney, Francis Kainoa Lee, Gordon Piʻianaiʻa, Leonard Puputauiki, Penny Rawlins, Keani Reiner^*,^[36] Charles Nainoa "Nainoa" Thompson, Maka'ala Yates, Ben Young.

Kealaikahiki project (1977)

In English, the Hawaiian "Ke ala i kahiki" means "the path to Tahiti." The "Kealaikahiki Project" recreated the traditional Kealaikahiki Point departure of ancient voyages to Tahiti.^[37] Gordon Piʻianaiʻa's idea to recreate traditional departures took Hōkūleʻa southeast, across Kealaikahiki Channel between Lānaʻi and Kahoʻolawe Islands, past Kealaikahiki Point, into the ʻAlenuihāhā Channel and the northeast trade winds. The object was to determine whether Hōkūleʻa, departing from west of the 1976 departure point, would bisect the more easterly 1976 voyage track, and so likely reach Tahiti were it to continue. After heading south for two days, Hōkūleʻa did not bisect the 1976 voyage track, but likely would have (further south than anticipated). It came about and returned to Hawaiʻi. The traditional departure point would be used for subsequent sailings to Tahiti.^[38][39] Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Hokulea
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