Heilongjiang^[a] is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers).

The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia (Amur Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai) to the north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin. Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions, Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area, the 15th-most populous, and the second-poorest by GDP per capita after only Gansu province.

The province takes its name from the Amur River which marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia.

Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production,^[6] and raw materials, such as timber, oil and coal.

Etymology

The province takes its name from the Amur River, whose name in Mandarin is Heilongjiang ("black dragon river").

History

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Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen, Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.^[7] Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.^[8] The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty. The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, from the northwestern part of the Jilin province.^[9] This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word 將軍 jiāngjūn; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe, or, in Manchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River, and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt Mongols.^[10]

Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) (Chinese: 乌鲁苏穆丹 Wūlǔsūmùdān), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860.)

In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to the Chuang Guandong, the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.^[11]

In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army. During the Chinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed.

Geography

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Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Datudingzi Mountain at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River, the Naoli River, the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

Climate

A humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa or Dwb) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc).^[12] Winters are long and bitter, with an average of −31 to −15 °C (−24 to 5 °F) in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in July. The annual average rainfall is 400 to 700 millimetres (16 to 28 in), concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy.

The province's largest cities include Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi, Daqing, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Qitaihe, Yichun, and Heihe.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for some locations in Heilongjiang province of China

City	July (°C)	July (°F)	January (°C)	January (°F)
Harbin	27.9/18.3	82.2/64.9	–12.5/–24.1	9.5/–11.4
Jiamusi	27.6/17.7	81.7/63.9	–12.7/–24	9.1/–11.2
Hegang	26.5/17.4	80/63.3	–12.7/–20.8	9.1/–5.4
Yichun	27.1/15.5	80.8/59.9	–14.5/–29.1	5.9/–20.4

Transport

Roads

Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has 165,989 km (103,141 mi) of expressways,^[13] highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway. The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off the main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and the Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal.

Railways

There are 60 railway lines of around 5,300 kilometres (3,300 miles) including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge. The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

Airports

Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport, Qiqihar Airport, Mudanjiang Airport, Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities.

Waterways

Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur River will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.^[14]

The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.^[15] In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.^[16][17] Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",^[18] and then 3rd quarter of 2021.^[19]

Administrative divisions

Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions: twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and one prefecture:

Administrative divisions of Heilongjiang
Harbin Qiqihar Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yichun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Daxing'anling Prefecture ☐ Jiagedaqi Dist. & Songling Dist. is de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Pref. but de jure part of Oroqen Aut. Ban., Inner Mongolia.
Division code[20]	Division	Area in km2[21]	Population 2010[22]	Seat	Divisions[23]
					Districts*	Counties	Aut. counties	CL cities
230000	Heilongjiang Province	454,800.00	38,312,224	Harbin city	54	45	1	21
230100	Harbin city	53,523.50	10,635,971	Songbei District	9	7		2
230200	Qiqihar city	42,205.81	5,367,003	Jianhua District	7	8		1
230300	Jixi city	22,488.46	1,862,161	Jiguan District	6	1		2
230400	Hegang city	14,679.98	1,058,665	Xiangyang District	6	2
230500	Shuangyashan city	26,483.00	1,462,626	Jianshan District	4	4
230600	Daqing city	22,161.00	2,904,532	Sartu District	5	3	1
230700	Yichun city	39,017.00	1,148,126	Yimei District	4	5		1
230800	Jiamusi city	31,528.00	2,552,097	Qianjin District	4	3		3
230900	Qitaihe city	6,221.42	920,419	Taoshan District	3	1
231000	Mudanjiang city	40,233.00	2,798,723	Dong'an District	4	1		5
231100	Heihe city	66,802.65	1,673,898	Aihui District	1	2		3
231200	Suihua city	34,964.17	5,416,439	Beilin District	1	6		3
232700	Daxing'anling Prefecture	46,755.00≈	511,564	Jiagedaqi District** (de facto); Mohe city (de jure)	4**	2		1
Sub-provincial cities * – including Ethnic districts ** – administrative districts not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) ≈ – not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: 82,928.80 km2 or 32,018.99 sq mi)

Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
English	Chinese	Pinyin
Heilongjiang Province	黑龙江省	Hēilóngjiāng Shěng
Harbin city	哈尔滨市	Hā'ěrbīn Shì
Qiqihar city	齐齐哈尔市	Qíqíhā'ěr Shì
Jixi city	鸡西市	Jīxī Shì
Hegang city	鹤岗市	Hègǎng Shì
Shuangyashan city	双鸭山市	Shuāngyāshān Shì
Daqing city	大庆市	Dàqìng Shì
Yichun city	伊春市	Yīchūn Shì
Jiamusi city	佳木斯市	Jiāmùsī Shì
Qitaihe city	七台河市	Qītáihé Shì
Mudanjiang city	牡丹江市	Mǔdānjiāng Shì
Heihe city	黑河市	Hēihé Shì
Suihua city	绥化市	Suíhuà Shì
Daxing'anling Prefecture	大兴安岭地区	Dàxīng'ānlǐng Dìqū

(Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan.)

These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts, 20 county-level cities, 42 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistricts).

Urban areas

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=History_of_Heilongjiang
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Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#	Cities	2020 Urban area[24]	2010 Urban area[25]	2020 City proper
1	Harbin	5,805,358	4,933,054[b]	10,009,854
2	Daqing	1,370,248	1,433,698	2,781,562
3	Qiqihar	1,246,292	1,314,720	4,067,489
4	Mudanjiang	808,216	790,623	2,290,208
5	Jiamusi	698,557	631,357	2,156,505
6	Jixi	626,019	746,889	1,502,060
7	Hegang	514,826	600,941	891,271