Help:IPA/West Frisian

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of West Frisian on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of West Frisian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents West Frisian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See West Frisian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of West Frisian.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	bak , opdwaan	bait
ɕ	sjonge	ship, but without labialization and with stronger palatalization
d	dei , net dwaan	duck
dz	skodzje	between buds and budge (retracted)
f	fet	feats
ɡ	gau , ik bin	goal
ɣ	ploege , sjoch ien	roughly like go, but without completely blocking air flow on the g; Spanish amigo
h	heal	heal
j	jong	yard
k	kaam	school
l	lang	land
l̩	leppel ⁴	bottle
m	man mɔn, ynbine ˈimbinə⁵	man
m̩	iepen ˈiəpm̩⁴	rhythm
n	né nei	neck
n̩	tiden ˈtiːdn̩⁴	suddenly
ɲ	wenje ˈvɛɲə	somewhat like canyon
ŋ	sang saŋ, ynkomme ˈiŋkomə⁵	ring
ŋ̍	rekken ˈrɛkŋ̍⁴	ring, but longer
p	piip piːp, kob kop⁶	sport
r	ryk rik,⁷ siede ˈsiərə⁸	trilled R; similar to water (American English)
r̩	eker ˈeikr̩⁴	trilled R; similar to water (American English)
s	sinne ˈsɪnə	between sip and ship (retracted)
t	tin tɪn, jild jɪlt,⁶ op dy op ti⁹	stop
ts	tsiis tsiːs	between cats and catch (retracted)
v	iver ˈiːvər,¹⁰¹¹ of bûter ɔv ˈbutər,¹ of út ɔv yt¹	very
ʋ	wyn ʋin¹⁰	between wine and vine
χ	ljocht ljɔχt,¹¹ Valkenburg ˈfalkəbørχ⁶	loch (Scottish English)
z	lêze ˈlɛːzə,¹¹ baas die baːz di,¹ is yn ɪz in¹	between zone and genre (retracted)
ʑ	telefyzje teiləˈfiʑə	genre, but without labialization and with stronger palatalization
Suprasegmentals
ˈ	stêd ˈstɛːt	Primary stress, as in deer /ˈdɪər/
ˌ	stedshûs ˌstɛtsˈhuːs	Secondary stress, as in commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
◌̃	ynfalle ˈĩfɔlə, jûns jũːs	nasal vowel¹²

Dialectal sounds
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ɑː	maat mɑːt¹³	father
ɪː	beast bɪːst¹⁴	kid
øː	beuch bøːχ¹⁵¹⁶	roughly like herd
œː	töter ˈtœːtər¹⁷	roughly like herd
œ	skoalle ˈskœlə¹⁷	roughly like hurt
ɵ	¹⁸
ɞ	¹⁸
ɔi	laitsje ˈlɔitsjə¹⁹	choice
uːi	²⁰	to eternity

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Monophthongs
a	pak pak	up
aː	faak faːk	father
ɛ	fet fɛt	bet
ɛː	bêd bɛːt	RP air
ə	de də²¹	about
i	dyk dik	teach
iː	tiid tiːt²²	tea
ɪ	ik ɪk	sit
ɔ	top tɔp	off
ɔː	rôt rɔːt	RP law
o	op op	for
ø	nut nøt²¹	roughly like hurt
u	hoep hup	rule
uː	skoech skuːχ²²²³	fool
y	slute ˈslytə	roughly like cute
yː	drúf dryːf²³	roughly like cued
Diphthongs (falling)
ai	laitsje ˈlaitsjə	right
aːi	kaai kaːi	tie
ei	reek reik²⁴	face
ɛi	frij frɛi	hey
iə	bien biən²²²⁵	RP near
ɪə	read rɪət²⁵	RP near
iu	ieu iu	hue
oə	boat boət²⁵	RP moor
uə	goed ɡuət²²²⁵	RP moor
oi	muoie ˈmwoiə	choice
oːi	moai moːi	boy
ou	rook rouk²⁴	goat
ɔu	goud ɡɔut	goat
øə	gleon ɡløən	roughly like herd
øy	deun døyn¹⁶²⁴	roughly like a yacht
œy	jui jœy	roughly like a yacht
ui	ploeije ˈpluiə	Rapa Nui
yə	flues flyəs²⁵	roughly like RP cure
Diphthongs (rising)
jɛ	hjerst jɛst²⁵	yes
jɪ	fjild fjɪlt²⁵	roughly like yeast
jø	mjuks mjøks²⁵	roughly like Jurgen
wa	toar twar²⁵	won
wo	spoen spwon²⁵	water

Notesedit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The syllable-final (and also word-final) voiceless obstruents p, t, k, f, s, χ are voiced to b, d, ɡ, v, z, ɣ (note that χ is velar when voiced) when the next syllable (including the next word) begins with a voiced stop and, in case of the fricatives f, s, χ, also when the next word begins with a vowel (Tiersma (1999:24)).
^ ^a ^b ɡ and ɣ are allophones of a single phoneme /ɣ/. The plosive ɡ appears word-initially and syllable-initially (the latter only when stressed), whereas the fricative ɣ occurs elsewhere (Hoekstra (2001:86), Sipma (1913:15, 17)).
^ In most dialects, /h/ is deleted before j and w (Tiersma (1999:22)).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The syllabic nasals m̩, n̩, ŋ̍ are all phonemically /ən/, whereas the syllabic l̩, r̩ are phonemically /əl, ər/. To read about their exact distribution, see e.g. Sipma (1913:36). The only sonorants that cannot be syllabic are ʋ, j.
^ ^a ^b Apart from being the phonetic realization of the phonemes /m, ŋ/, m, ŋ occur as allophones of /n/ before, bilabial and velar consonants (Tiersma (1999:24)).
^ ^a ^b ^c Word-final /b, d/ are realized as voiceless p, t (van der Veen (2001:104)). Note, however, that final /b/ is rare (Tiersma (1999:21)), and that in loanwords from Standard Dutch, final /ɣ/ can also appear, and is also devoiced and retracted to χ.
^ /r/ is silent before other alveolar consonants, i.e. /n, t, d, s, z, l/ (Tiersma (1999:28–29), Keil (2003:8)). An exception to this rule are recent loanwords from Standard Dutch (e.g. sport), which may or may not be pronounced with r (Tiersma (1999:29)).
^ Intervocalic ⟨d⟩, as well as the sequence ⟨rd⟩ are often rhotacized to /r/ (Tiersma (1999:21)).
^ In various pronouns and function words, the initial /d/ becomes voiceless t when a voiceless obstruent ends the preceding word (Tiersma (1999:24)).
^ ^a ^b Both ʋ and v can be regarded as allophones of a single phoneme /v/, though v is the most common realization. The approximant ʋ can appear word-initially, whereas the fricative v occurs elsewhere (Keil (2003:7)).
^ ^a ^b ^c Among fricatives, neither the voiced /z/ nor the voiceless /χ/ can occur word-initially (Sipma (1913:16–17)).
^ When a sequence of any vowel and /n/ occurs before any continuant besides /h/ (that is, /f, v, ʋ, s, z, r, l, j/), it is realized as a nasalized vowel. When the following consonant is /s/, such a nasalized vowel is also lengthened (but only in stressed syllables (Hoekstra (2001:86))), so that e.g. jûns (phonemically /juns/) is pronounced jũːs, whereas prins (phonemically /prɪns/) is pronounced prẽːs. One exception to this lengthening rule is that when a short vowel precedes the sequence /nst/ in the second person singular verb form (as in winsʋ vɪ̃st), it is kept short by most speakers (Tiersma (1999:13)). It is unclear whether the lengthened short monophthongs /ɪ, ø/ (/o/ cannot be lengthened) are phonetically long monophthongs or diphthongs (as it is the case with the oral /eː, øː/), hence the transcription prẽːs rather than prẽĩs.
^ /ɑː/ has a phonemic status in the Aastersk dialect (van der Veen (2001:102)).
^ /ɪː/ has a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers dialect (van der Veen (2001:102)).
^ øː is the Hindeloopers realization of /øː/. In other dialects, /øː/ is commonly slightly diphthongal øy (van der Veen (2001:102)).
^ ^a ^b Nearly all words with /øː/ are loanwords from Standard Dutch (Visser (1997:17)).
^ ^a ^b The open-mid front rounded vowels /œ, œː/ have a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers and Súdwesthoeksk dialects, but not in the standard language (Hoekstra (2001:83), van der Veen (2001:102)).
^ ^a ^b ɵ and ɞ are the southwestern realizations of, respectively, /wo/ and /wa/ (Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)).
^ ɔi is a dialectal realization of /ai/ (Booij (1989:319)).
^ In some dialects, /ui/ and /uːi/ are distinct phonemes. In the standard language, however, only /ui/ appears (Tiersma (1999:12)).
^ ^a ^b Phonetically, /ə/ and /ø/ are quite similar, but the former appears only in unstressed syllables (Tiersma (1999:11)).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Some speakers merge the long vowels /iː, uː/ with the centering diphthongs /iə, uə/ (Visser (1997:24)).
^ ^a ^b The long close rounded vowels /uː, yː/ do not appear in the dialect of Leeuwarden (van der Veen (2001:102)).
^ ^a ^b ^c Even though they pattern with monophthongs, the long close-mid vowels /eː, øː, oː/ are often realized as narrow closing diphthongs ((Visser (1997:22–23), Tiersma (1999:10–11))), and that is how we transcribe them here.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j The falling diphthongs iə, ɪə, oə, uə, yə alternate with the rising diphthongs jɪ, jɛ, wa, wo, jø in the phenomenon called breaking. The yə−jø alternation occurs only in the word pair sluere−slurkje (Booij (1989:319)).

Bibliographyedit

Booij, Geert (1989). "On the representation of diphthongs in Frisian". Journal of Linguistics. 25 (2): 319–332. doi:10.1017/S0022226700014122. hdl:1887/11157. JSTOR 4176008. S2CID 56105447.
Hoekstra, Eric (2003). "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay" (PDF). Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present. Vol. 18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 193–209. ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Hoekstra, Jarich (2001). "12. Standard West Frisian". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.). Handbook of Frisian studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 83–98. ISBN 3-484-73048-X. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Hof, Jan Jelles (1933). Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Keil, Benjamin (2003). "Frisian phonology" (PDF). Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Sipma, Pieter (1913). Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian. London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications. Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.). Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy. ISBN 90-6171-886-4.
van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001). "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.). Handbook of Frisian studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 98–116. ISBN 3-484-73048-X. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Visser, Willem (1997). The Syllable in Frisian (PDF) (PhD). Leiden: Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics. ISBN 90-5569-030-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Vissner, Willem. "The labial fricatives". Taalportaal. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

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