Help:IPA/Catalan

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Catalan on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Catalan in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Catalan language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Key for standard Catalan and Valencian

There are two major standards, one of Catalan (C)—based in the Central Coast of Catalonia, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features—and one of Valencian (V)—based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most Western Catalan features. Neither variant is preferred over the other in Wikipedia articles except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in Catalonia or a Valencian artist).

See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of standard Catalan and Valencian, and Catalan orthography for the main correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. (For an extensive list of spelling-to-sound correspondences, see this)

IPA		Consonants
C	V	Examples	English approximation
b	b	bell, àmbit, capgròs	best
b	v	vell, envit, watt	best (C) / vest (V)
β	v	avanç, selva	vest
β	b	abans, arbre	vest (C) / best (V)
d		drac, indret, ritme	door
dz	dz	setze, tots alhora	adze
dz	z	utilitza	adze (C) / zebra (V)
dʒ		viatja, fetge, migdia	jeep
ð		cada, lladre	other
f		fort, bafs	face
ɡ		guant, angle, guiar, ècdisi	got
ɣ		aigües, agrat, lloguer³	between got and hot³
k		cors, quan, qui, llarg, kiwi, Kuwait, viking, kelvin	scan
l		laca, ceŀla,⁵ val⁶	pile
ʎ		llac, cella,⁵ Elx⁶	billion
m		meu, comte⁶	mode
ɱ		limfa, ínfim⁶	lymph
n		neu, dansa⁶	note
ŋ		sang,⁶ cigne	ring
ɲ		nyeu, penges⁶	onion
p		por, dubte	span
r		ruc, mirra, honra⁷	Scots rook
ɾ		mira, truc, per⁷	US atom
s		set, està, feliç⁴	sick⁴
ʃ	tʃ	xec, Barx⁴	ship (C) / cheap (V)
	jʃ	caixa⁴	ship (C) / geisha (V)
	ʃ	Xàtiva, guix⁴	ship
t		terra, fred	stand
ts		lletsó, tots⁴	cats⁴
tʃ		txec, veig, mig	cheap
v		hafni, bafs d'aigua¹	vest
z		zel, esma⁴¹	zebra⁴
ʒ	dʒ	joc, gespa⁴	genre (C) / jeep (V)
	j	jo⁴	genre (C) / young (V)
	jʒ	caixmir⁴¹	genre (C) / beige (V)
	ʒ	guix verd⁴¹	genre
IPA		Marginal consonants
h		ehem⁸, Sàhara	hot
θ		theta, López	thing
x		kharja, Bach	Scots loch

IPA		Semivowels⁹
C	V	Examples	English approximation
j		iode, posa-hi, York	young
w		quart, Güell, posa-ho, web	quick

IPA		Vowels
C	V	Examples	English approximation
a		sac, ànecs	father
ɛ	ɛ	set, èxit	pet
ɛ	e	sec, què¹⁰	pet (C) / face (V)
e		séc, anells, ídem¹¹	face
ə		demà¹¹	alpha (C) / face (V)
	a	fadrí, entens¹¹	alpha (C) / father (V)
	i	naixement	alpha (C) / meet (V)
i	i	sic, ties, fillet¹¹	meet
ɔ		soc, això	off
o	o	sóc, molt, ego, mouré¹¹	story
u	o	oratge¹¹	rule (C) / story (V)
u	u	suc, dues, fullet, cobert¹¹	rule
IPA		Marginal vowels
y		déjà vu¹²	cute¹²

IPA		Suprasegmentals
C	V	Examples	Explanation
ˈ		Dídac ˈdiðək (C) / ˈdiðak (V)	primary stress
ˌ		Bellpuig ˌbeʎˈputʃ (C / V)	secondary stress
.		Maria məˈɾi.ə (C) / maˈɾi.a (V)	syllable break
ː		Imma ˈimːə (C) / ˈimːa (V)	long consonant/vowel
IPA		Other representations
( )		Corts ˈkoɾ(t)s (C / V)	optional sound

Other transcriptionsedit

Catalan in Andorra, Western Catalonia and La Franja (NW): Northwestern, a continuous dialect of the Western Catalan branch, uses the same pronunciation pattern as Standard Valencian (see V above). However, there are some differences that should be used in the transcription of local names in Andorra, Western Catalonia (Lleida and part of Tarragona) and the Aragonese border (La Franja). Those differences are:

Phonetic deviations from Standard Valencian (i.e. commonalities with Standard Catalan)		Examples	English approximation
Betacism²³	/b/, /v/ → /b/	bell, vell²	best
Betacism²³	/b/, /v/ → β³	abans, avanç²	vest³
Deaffrication of /dʒ/ (in intervocalic position)	/dʒ/ → ʒ	dijous, fugir	genre

(Note for transcriptions of Northwestern Catalan use the corresponding sounds of Standard Valencian and the sharing features with Standard Catalan)

Transcription of Insular Eastern Catalan

For transcriptions of Insular Catalan dialects:

Help:IPA/Insular Catalan

Notesedit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant. In syllables produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), voiced obstruents become devoiced (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63), Wheeler (2005:147–149)).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of Catalan and in Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (usually represented as ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Standard Valencian (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:61), Wheeler (2005:13)).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j
Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited β, ð, ɣ (that is, approximants or fricatives of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ usually fails to lenite (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63), Wheeler (2005:10, 310–326)).
- β (found only in the betacist varieties) is pronounced between /b/ and /v/, or just like /v/ but with both lips.
- ɣ is pronounced between /ɡ/ and /h/, or roughly like /ɡ/ but without completely blocking the air flow.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s The sibilants /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ are alveolo-palatal or palato-alveolar. A variant of /s, z, ts, dz/ includes the retracted s̠, z̠, t̠s̠, d̠z̠ (with pronunciations closer to postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/, respectively).
^ ^a ^b Catalan orthography distinguishes between ⟨ll⟩ (representing /ʎ/) and ⟨ŀl⟩ (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ⟨ŀl⟩ is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide j in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g The sonorants /l/ and /n/ assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant (Rafel (1999:14), Wheeler (2005:166–204)). Before palatals, /l/ is ʎ and /n/ is ɲ. Before velars, /n/ becomes ŋ and before labial consonants, /n/ becomes m. The labiodental ɱ appears before /f/ and /v/.
^ ^a ^b The rhotic consonants ⟨r⟩ /ɾ/ and ⟨rr⟩ /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩ with r occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and ɾ after hard plosives, the soft spirants β, ð, ɣ, and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel, although this may vary (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63–64), Wheeler (2005:24–25)).
^ Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent.
^ The semivowels /j/ and ?pojem= can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62), Wheeler (2005:90–91)). For a list with all the combinations, see Catalan phonology § Diphthongs and triphthongs.
^ Many words that have /ɛ/ in Standard Catalan have /e/ in Standard Valencian. The latter is the historical pronunciation.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g
In unstressed position, the vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan: a, ɛ, e merge to ə, whereas ɔ, o, u merge to u, leaving only ə, i, u in most unstressed syllables.
- Western Catalan: ɛ, e merge to e and ɔ, o merge to o. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may merge with a and u respectively (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62–63), Wheeler (2005:52–77)).
In Standard Eastern Catalan, unstressed e and o appear only in some words such as ídem ˈiðem, oceans useˈans, ego ˈeɣo and mouré mowˈɾe. In other cases, they merge with ə and u (Wheeler (2005:61–72)).

In Standard Valencian, unstressed ɛ and ɔ occur in the process known as vowel harmony (e.g. corda ˈkɔɾðɔ and tela ˈtɛlɛ). In North-western, there are cases where only ɛ is found in final unstressed syllables: tela ˈtɛlɛ.
^ ^a ^b
The vowel /y/ is usually replaced by /u/ or /i/.
- y is pronounced like /i/, but with the lips rounded.

Bibliographyedit

Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1999), "Catalan", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–65, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8
Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7

External linksedit

"Gramàtica essencial de la llengua catalana (GEIEC)". Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
"Diccionari normatiu valencià (DNV)". Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
"Diccionari català-valencià-balear (DCVB)". Ed. Moll / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
"reSOLC-mitjansCAT". Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA) – Pompeu Fabra University / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).

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[neutralization_of_obstruents-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant. In syllables produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), voiced obstruents become devoiced (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63), Wheeler (2005:147–149)).

[b/v-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of Catalan and in Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (usually represented as ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Standard Valencian (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:61), Wheeler (2005:13)).

[lenition-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited β, ð, ɣ (that is, approximants or fricatives of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ usually fails to lenite (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63), Wheeler (2005:10, 310–326)).
β (found only in the betacist varieties) is pronounced between /b/ and /v/, or just like /v/ but with both lips.

ɣ is pronounced between /ɡ/ and /h/, or roughly like /ɡ/ but without completely blocking the air flow.

[4] β (found only in the betacist varieties) is pronounced between /b/ and /v/, or just like /v/ but with both lips.

[5] ɣ is pronounced between /ɡ/ and /h/, or roughly like /ɡ/ but without completely blocking the air flow.

[sibilants-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s The sibilants /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ are alveolo-palatal or palato-alveolar. A variant of /s, z, ts, dz/ includes the retracted s̠, z̠, t̠s̠, d̠z̠ (with pronunciations closer to postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/, respectively).

[ll/ŀl-5] Catalan orthography distinguishes between ⟨ll⟩ (representing /ʎ/) and ⟨ŀl⟩ (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ⟨ŀl⟩ is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide j in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.

[laterals/nasals-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g The sonorants /l/ and /n/ assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant (Rafel (1999:14), Wheeler (2005:166–204)). Before palatals, /l/ is ʎ and /n/ is ɲ. Before velars, /n/ becomes ŋ and before labial consonants, /n/ becomes m. The labiodental ɱ appears before /f/ and /v/.

[rhotics-7] The rhotic consonants ⟨r⟩ /ɾ/ and ⟨rr⟩ /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩ with r occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and ɾ after hard plosives, the soft spirants β, ð, ɣ, and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel, although this may vary (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63–64), Wheeler (2005:24–25)).

[h-8] Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent.

[semivowels-9] The semivowels /j/ and ?pojem= can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62), Wheeler (2005:90–91)). For a list with all the combinations, see Catalan phonology § Diphthongs and triphthongs.

[10] Many words that have /ɛ/ in Standard Catalan have /e/ in Standard Valencian. The latter is the historical pronunciation.

[unstressed_vowels-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g In unstressed position, the vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
Eastern Catalan: a, ɛ, e merge to ə, whereas ɔ, o, u merge to u, leaving only ə, i, u in most unstressed syllables.

Western Catalan: ɛ, e merge to e and ɔ, o merge to o. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may merge with a and u respectively (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62–63), Wheeler (2005:52–77)).

In Standard Eastern Catalan, unstressed e and o appear only in some words such as ídem ˈiðem, oceans useˈans, ego ˈeɣo and mouré mowˈɾe. In other cases, they merge with ə and u (Wheeler (2005:61–72)).

In Standard Valencian, unstressed ɛ and ɔ occur in the process known as vowel harmony (e.g. corda ˈkɔɾðɔ and tela ˈtɛlɛ). In North-western, there are cases where only ɛ is found in final unstressed syllables: tela ˈtɛlɛ.

[14] Eastern Catalan: a, ɛ, e merge to ə, whereas ɔ, o, u merge to u, leaving only ə, i, u in most unstressed syllables.

[15] Western Catalan: ɛ, e merge to e and ɔ, o merge to o. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may merge with a and u respectively (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62–63), Wheeler (2005:52–77)).

[French_u-12] The vowel /y/ is usually replaced by /u/ or /i/.
y is pronounced like /i/, but with the lips rounded.

[17] y is pronounced like /i/, but with the lips rounded.

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Key for standard Catalan and Valencian

Other transcriptionsedit

See alsoedit

Notesedit

Bibliographyedit

External linksedit