A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (July 2014) Click for important translation instructions.
|
Guangxi | |
|---|---|
| Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | |
| Chinese transcription(s) | |
| • Simplified Chinese | 广西壮族自治区 |
| • Hanyu pinyin | Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū |
| • Cantonese Jyutping | Gwong2 sai1 Zong3 zuk6 Zi6 zi6 keoi1 |
| • Abbreviation | 桂 (Guì / Gwai3) |
| Zhuang transcription(s) | |
| • Standard Zhuang | Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih |
| • Abbreviation | Gvei |
     Clockwise from the top:
| |
.svg) Location of Guangxi within China | |
| Coordinates: 23°36′N 108°18′E / 23.6°N 108.3°E | |
| Country | China |
| Named for | 广 guǎng – "wide" 西 xī – "west" lit. 'western expanse' |
| Capital (and largest city) | Nanning |
| Divisions | 14 prefectures, 109 counties, 1396 townships |
| Government | |
| • Type | Autonomous region |
| • Body | Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional People's Congress |
| • CCP Secretary | Liu Ning |
| • Congress Chairman | Liu Ning |
| • Government Chairman | Lan Tianli |
| • CPPCC Chairman | Sun Dawei |
| Area | |
| • Total | 237,600 km2 (91,700 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 9th |
| Highest elevation | 2,141 m (7,024 ft) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
| • Total | 50,126,804 |
| • Rank | 11th |
| • Density | 210/km2 (550/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 20th |
| Demographics | |
| • Ethnic composition | Han – 62% Zhuang – 31% Yao – 3% Miao – 1% Dong – 0.7% Mulao – 0.4% Maonan – 0.2% |
| • Languages and dialects | Zhuang, Yue languages (mainly Cantonese), Southwestern Mandarin, Pinghua |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-GX |
| GDP (2021) | CN¥2.474 trillion US$383 billion (19th)[2] |
| GDP per capita | CN¥49,118 US$7,611 (31st) |
| GDP per growth |  7.5% |
| HDI (2019) | 0.728[3] high · 25th |
| Website | (in Chinese) Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region |
| Guangxi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg) Guǎngxī in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 广西 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 廣西 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Kwangsi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | An abbreviation of "Guǎng(nán)xī (Circuit)" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 广西壮族自治区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 廣西壯族自治區 or 廣西僮族自治區[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Quảng Tây | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 廣西 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chữ Nôm | 區自治民族壯廣西 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhuang name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhuang | Gvangjsih | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1957 orthography | Gvaŋзsiƅ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sawndip | 广西佈僮自治区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| English name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| English | /ˈɡwɑːŋˈsiː/[5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Guangxi,[a] officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam (Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn, and Quảng Ninh Provinces) and the Gulf of Tonkin. Formerly a province, Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning.[6]
Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of Chinese history. The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was given provincial level status during the Yuan dynasty, but even into the 20th century, it was considered an open, wild territory. The abbreviation of the region is "桂" (Hanyu pinyin: Guì; Zhuang: Gvei), which comes from the name of the city of Guilin, the provincial capital during both the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty.
Guangxi contains the largest population of China's ethnic minorities after Yunnan, in particular, the Zhuang people, who make up 34% of the population. Various regional languages and dialects such as Pinghua, Zhuang, Kam, Cantonese, Hakka, and Min are spoken alongside Mandarin Chinese.[7]
Nameedit
"Guǎng" (simplified Chinese: 广; traditional Chinese: 廣) means 'expanse' or 'vast', and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226.[8] Guangxi and neighboring Guangdong literally mean 'expanse west' and 'expanse east'. Together, Guangxi and Guangdong are called Liangguang (Liangkwang; traditional Chinese: 兩廣; simplified Chinese: 两广; pinyin: liǎng guǎng; Cantonese Yale: léuhng gwóng; lit. 'Two Expanses', Vietnamese: Lưỡng Quảng). During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Xīlù (廣南西路; 广南西路; 'vast south west region') and Guǎngnán Dōnglù (廣南東路; 广南东路; 'vast south east region'), which became abbreviated as Guǎngxī Lù (廣西路; 广西路) and Guǎngdōng Lù (廣東路; 广东路).
Historyedit
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2021) |
Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue ("Hundred Yue", Vietnamese: Bách Việt), the region first became part of China during the Qin dynasty. In 214 BC, the Han Chinese general Zhao Tuo (Vietnamese: Triệu Đà) claimed most of southern China for Qin Shi Huang before the emperor's death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom at Panyu known as Nanyue ("Southern Yue"). Alternatively submissive to and independent of Han dynasty control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and sinicization under its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering the Hundred Yue" (和集百越) until its collapse in 111 BC during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty.[9]
The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province (廣州) of the Eastern Wu, which controlled southeastern China during the Three Kingdoms period. Guilin formed one of its commanderies.[citation needed]
Under the Tang dynasty, the Zhuang moved to support Piluoge's kingdom of Nanzhao in Yunnan, which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning.[citation needed]
After the collapse of the Southern Zhao, Liu Yan established the Southern Han (Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modern Guangdong). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by the Song dynasty in 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to the Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ("West Southern Expanse") Circuit. Harassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam, the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song general Di Qing returned Guangxi to China.[citation needed]
The Yuan dynasty established control over Yunnan during its conquest of the Dali Kingdom in 1253 and eliminated the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279. Rather than ruling Lingnan as a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ("Western Expanse") as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading the Ming dynasty to employ the different local groups against one another. At the Battle of Big Rattan Gorge between the Zhuang and the Yao in 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported.[citation needed]
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerful Cen (岑) clan. The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized as tusi or local rulers by the Chinese emperors.
The Qing dynasty left the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. A Yao revolt in 1831 was followed by the Jintian Uprising, the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion, in January 1851 and the Da Cheng Rebellion in April 1854. The execution of St. Auguste Chapdelaine by local officials in Guangxi provoked the Second Opium War in 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. Although Louis Brière de l'Isle was unable to invade its depot at Longzhou, the Guangxi Army saw a great deal of action in the 1884 Sino-French War. Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at the Battle of Zhennan Pass (modern Friendship Pass) on 23 March 1885.[citation needed]
Following the Wuchang Uprising, Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor, Shen Bingdan, initially remained in place but was subsequently removed by a mutiny commanded by General Lu Rongting. General Lu's Old Guangxi clique overran Hunan and Guangdong as well and helped lead the National Protection War against Yuan Shikai's attempt to re-establish an imperial government. Zhuang's loyalty made his Self-Government Army cohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding with Sun Yat-sen led to defeat in the 1920 and 1921 Guangdong–Guangxi War. After a brief occupation by Chen Jiongming's Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years[10] until Li Zongren's Guangxi Pacification Army established the New Guangxi clique dominated by Li, Huang Shaohong, and Bai Chongxi.[citation needed]
Successful action in Hunan against Wu Peifu led to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsed Tang Jiyao's revolt and joined the Northern Expedition establishing control over other warlords by the Republic of China. His was one of the few Kuomintang units free from serious Chinese Communist Party (CCP) influence and was therefore employed by Chiang Kai-shek for the Shanghai massacre of 1927. Within the People's Republic of China, Guangxi is also noted for the Baise Uprising, a failed CCP revolt led by Chen Zhaoli and Deng Xiaoping in 1929.[citation needed]
In 1937, the Guangxi Women's Battalion was founded as a response to Soong Mei-ling's appeal for women to support the Sino-Japanese War.[11][12] Reports on the size of the battalion vary from 130 students,[13] to 500,[14] to 800.[11]
Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during the Chinese Civil War, but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding.[citation needed]
In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline (Qinzhou, Lianzhou (now Hepu County), Fangchenggang and Beihai) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965.[citation needed]
The Guangxi Massacre, during the Cultural Revolution, involved the killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the region in 1967 and 1968.[15][16]
While some development of heavy industry occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the region remained largely a scenic tourist destination.[citation needed] Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi.[citation needed]
Geographyedit
 | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2014) |
Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by Yunnan to the west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the east and southeast.[17][18] It is also bordered by Vietnam in the southwest and the Gulf of Tonkin in the south.[17][18] Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" (simplified Chinese: 广; traditional Chinese: 廣; pinyin: Guǎng) being used in both names.[17]
Large portions of Guangxi are hilly and mountainous.[17][18] The northwest portion of Guangxi includes part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,[17] the Jiuwan Mountains and the Fenghuang Mountains both run through the north,[17] the Nanling Mountains form the region's north-east border,[citation needed] and the Yuecheng[17] and Haiyang Mountains both branch from the Nanling Mountains.[citation needed] Also in the north are the Duyao Mountains.[citation needed] The Duyang Mountains run through the west of Guangxi.[17] Near the center of the region are the Da Yao and Da Ming Mountains.[citation needed] On the southeastern border are the Yunkai Mountains.[citation needed] Guangxi's highest point is Kitten Mountain, in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft).[18]
Karst landforms,[19] characterized by steep mountains and large caverns,[17] are common in Guangxi, accounting for 37.8 percent of its total land area.[18]
Guangxi is also home to several river systems, which flow into several different bodies of water: the Qin River and the Nanliu River both flow into the Gulf of Tonkin, several tributary rivers flow into the larger Xiang River in neighbouring Hunan province, and the Xi River system flows southeast through the autonomous region into the South China Sea.[17]
| Xi River system schematic (italics indicates rivers outside Guangxi) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| He River (贺江) | Xi River | |||
| Li River | Gui River (桂江)[17] | |||
| Beipan River | Hongshui River[17] | Qian River[17] | Xun River[17] | |
| Nanpan River | ||||
| Rong River | Liu River[17] | |||
| Long River | ||||
| You River[17] | Yong River | Yu River[17] | ||
| Zuo River[17] | ||||
Along the border with Vietnam there is the Ban Gioc–Detian waterfall (pinyin: Dé Tiān Pùbù), which separates the two countries.
About one-quarter of Guangxi's area is forested.[17]
Human geographyedit
Major cities in Guangxi include Nanning, Liuzhou, Guilin, and Beihai. Notable towns include Longmen, Sanjiang, and Yangshuo.[clarification needed] The Xi River system provides waterways which connect to the Pearl River Delta. Important seaports along Guangxi's short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin include Beihai, Qinzhou, and Fangchenggang. To connect Xi River system and coastal Guangxi, Chinese government started to construct Pinglu Canal.[20]
Climateedit
Guangxi has a subtropical climate.[18] Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October.[17] Winters are mild, and snow is rare.[17] The autonomous region's average annual temperature ranges from 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) to 23.5 °C (74.3 °F),[18] with January temperatures typically ranging from 4 °C (39 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F),[17] and July temperatures typically ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F).[17]
Due to frequent rain-bearing monsoon winds, average annual precipitation is quite high in Guangxi, ranging from 1,080 millimetres (43 in) in drier zones to 1,730 millimetres (68 in) in wetter zones.[17] The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October.[citation needed] Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August.[17] Microbursts can also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September.[17] This is caused by typhoons blowing from the South China Sea.[17]
Image galleryedit
Administrative divisionsedit
Guangxi is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:
| Administrative divisions of Guangxi | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Division code[21] | Division | Area in km2[22] | Population 2020[23] | Seat | Divisions[24] | |||
| Districts | Counties | Aut. counties | CL cities | |||||
| 450000 | Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | 236,700.00 | 50,126,804 | Nanning city | 41 | 48 | 12 | 10 |
| 450100 | Nanning city | 22,099.31 | 8,741,584 | Qingxiu District | 7 | 4 | 1 | |
| 450200 | Liuzhou city | 18,596.64 | 4,157,934 | Liubei District | 5 | 3 | 2 | |
| 450300 | Guilin city | 27,667.28 | 4,931,137 | Lingui District | 6 | 8 | 2 | 1 |
| 450400 | Wuzhou city | 12,572.44 | 2,820,977 | Changzhou District | 3 | 3 | 1 | |
| 450500 | Beihai city | 3,988.67 | 1,853,227 | Haicheng District | 3 | 1 | ||
| 450600 | Fangchenggang city | 6,181.19 | 1,046,068 | Gangkou District | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 450700 | Qinzhou city | 10,820.85 | 3,302,238 | Qinnan District | 2 | 2 | ||
| 450800 | Guigang city | 10,605.44 | 4,316,262 | Gangbei District | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| 450900 | Yulin city | 12,828.11 | 5,796,766 | Yuzhou District | 2 | 4 | 1 | |
| 451000 | Baise city | 36,203.85 | 3,571,505 | Youjiang District | 2 | 7 | 1 | 2 |
| 451100 | Hezhou city | 11,771.54 | 2,007,858 | Babu District | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| 451200 | Hechi city | 33,487.65 | 3,417,945 | Yizhou District | 2 | 4 | 5 | |
| 451300 | Laibin city | 13,391.59 | 2,074,611 | Xingbin District | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| 451400 | Chongzuo city | 17,345.47 | 2,088,692 | Jiangzhou District | 1 | 5 | 1 | |
| Administrative divisions in Zhuang, Chinese, and varieties of romanizations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Zhuang | Chinese | Pinyin | |
| Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | Gvangjish Bouxcuengh Swcigih | 广西壮族自治区 | Guǎngxī zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū | |
| Nanning city | Namzningz Si | 南宁市 | Nánníng Shì | |
| Liuzhou city | Liujcouh Si | 柳州市 | Liǔzhōu Shì | |
| Guilin city | Gveilinz Si | 桂林市 | Guìlín Shì | |
| Wuzhou city | Ngouzcouh Si | 梧州市 | Wúzhōu Shì | |
| Beihai city | Bwzhaij Si | 北海市 | Běihǎi Shì | |
| Fangchenggang city | Fangzcwngzgangj Si | 防城港市 | Fángchénggǎng Shì | |
| Qinzhou city | Ginhcouh Si | 钦州市 | Qīnzhōu Shì | |
| Guigang city | Gveigangj Si | 贵港市 | Guìgǎng Shì | |
| Yulin city | Yoglinz Si | 玉林市 | Yùlín Shì | |
| Baise city | Bwzswz Si | 百色市 | Bǎisè Shì | |
| Hezhou city | Hocouh Si | 贺州市 | Hèzhōu Shì | |