Carapana language

Carapano
Carapano
Mõxtã
Native to	Colombia, Brazil
Native speakers	500 (2012)
Language family	Tucanoan Eastern Central Tatuyo–Carapano Carapano; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cbc
Glottolog	cara1272
ELP	Carapana

Carapano (Karapanã, Carapana-tapuya, Möxdöá) is a Tucanoan language of Colombia and Brazil.

Phonology

Carapano has 11 consonants.^[2]

Consonants of Carapano
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
Plosive	voiced	b	d		g
Fricative			s
Tap			ɾ
Approximant		w		j		h

/p, t, k/ alternate with /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/.^[3]
/b, d, g/ become before nasal vowels.^[3] They become after nasal vowels.^[3]
/b, d/ alternate with at the beginning of a word, e.g., báì /báì/ ~ 'younger brother'.^[3]
/s/ alternates with /t͡s/.^[4]
/ɾ/ has three variants
- /n̆/ next to nasal vowels
- /ɺ/ before oral vowels, at the beginning of a word, and
- /ɾ/ elsewhere.^[4]
/w, h/ are often before front vowels.^[4]
/j/ alternates with pre-stopped .^[4]
/w, j, h/ become before nasal vowels.^[4]

It also has 6 vowels and their nasalized forms, plus high and low tones.^[2]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
Mid	e ẽ		o õ
Open		a ã

The mid vowels /e, ẽ, o, õ/ are phonetically .^[5]
Mid tone is an allotone of the low tone.^[6]

Orthography

Metzger and Metzger use the following orthography.^[7]

IPA	Orthography
a	a
e	e
i	i
o	o
u	u
ɨ	ʉ
ã	ã
ẽ	ẽ
ĩ	ĩ
õ	õ
ũ	ũ
ɨ̃	ʉ̃
b	b, m
d	d, n
j	y, ñ
g	g, gu
h	j
k	c, qu
p	p
r	r
s	s
t	t
w	w
◌́	◌́
◌̀	not marked

References

^ Carapano at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 126.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 127.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 128.
^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 130.
^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 131.
^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 132.

Works cited

Metzger, Ronald; Metzger, Lois (1973). "Fonología del carapana". Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 121–132.

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[e25-1] Carapano at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

[FOOTNOTEMetzgerMetzger1973126-2] Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 126.

[FOOTNOTEMetzgerMetzger1973127-3] Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 127.

[FOOTNOTEMetzgerMetzger1973128-4] Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 128.

[FOOTNOTEMetzgerMetzger1973130-5] Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 130.

[FOOTNOTEMetzgerMetzger1973131-6] Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 131.

[FOOTNOTEMetzgerMetzger1973132-7] Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 132.

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Carapano
Mõxtã
Native to	Colombia, Brazil
Native speakers	500 (2012)^[1]
Language family	Tucanoan Eastern Central Tatuyo–Carapano Carapano
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`cbc`
Glottolog	`cara1272`
ELP	Carapana