Adamawa
(defunct)
Geographic distribution	Northern Cameroon, north-western Central African Republic, southern Chad, and eastern Nigeria
Linguistic classification	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Adamawa–Ubangi Adamawa
Subdivisions	Tula–Waja Leko–Nimbari Mbum–Day Waja–Jen Nyingwom Oblo (?)
Glottolog	adam1259

The Adamawa /ædəˈmɑːwə/ languages are a putative family of 80–90 languages scattered across the Adamawa Plateau in Central Africa, in northern Cameroon, north-western Central African Republic, southern Chad, and eastern Nigeria, spoken altogether by only one and a half million people (as of 1996). Joseph Greenberg classified them as one branch of the Adamawa–Ubangi family of Niger–Congo languages. They are among the least studied languages in Africa, and include many endangered languages; by far the largest is Mumuye, with 400,000 speakers. A couple of unclassified languages—notably Laal and Jalaa—are found along the fringes of the Adamawa area.

Geographically, the Adamawa languages lie near the location of the postulated Niger–Congo – Central Sudanic contact that may have given rise to the Atlantic–Congo family, and so may represent the central radiation of that family^{[citation needed]}.

Classification

Joseph Greenberg postulated the Adamawa languages as a part of Adamawa–Ubangian (then called Adamawa–Eastern), and divided them into 14 numbered groups. Group G3, Daka (or Dakoid), is now known to be a branch of Benue–Congo. The relationships of the other branches has undergone considerable revision.

There have also been recent attempts at computationally classifying the Adamawa languages.^[1]

Greenberg (1963)

Greenberg's 14 numbered Adamawa groups are:^[2]

Number	Group
G1	Tula–Waja
G2	Leko
G3	Daka
G4	Duru
G5	Mumuye–Yendang
G6	Mbum
G7	Bəna–Mboi (Yungur)
G8	Nyimwom (Kam)
G9	Bikwin–Jen
G10	Longuda
G11	Fali
G12	Nimbari
G13	Bua
G14	Kim

Boyd (1989)

Boyd (1989) added the Day language and classified them as follows:^[3]

He excluded the Fali languages (G11).

Güldemann (2018)

Güldemann (2018) recognises 14 coherent Adamawa "genealogical units", but is agnostic about their positions within Niger-Congo.^[4]

• Tula-Waja
• Longuda
• Bena-Mboi
• Bikwin-Jen
• Samba-Duru
• Mumuyic
• Maya (Yendangic)
• Kebi-Benue (Mbumic)
• Kimic
• Buaic
• Day
• Baa = Kwa
• Nyingwom = Kam
• Fali

Kleinewillinghöfer (2019)

Kleinewillinghöfer (2019), in the Adamawa Languages Project website, recognises the following 17 groups as Adamawa languages.^[5]

• Tula-Waja (Waja): G1^[6][7]
• Bikwin-Jen (Burak, Jen): G9^[8][9]
• Kam (Nyiŋɔm, Nyiwom, Nyingwom): G8^[10]
• Longuda (Nʋngʋra cluster): G10^[11][12]
• Baa (Kwa)^[13][14]
• Mumuye: G5
• Yandang (Yendang): G5^[15]
• Samba-Duru (Chamba-Leko, Leko, Duru, Sama-Duru, Samba Leeko): G2, G4^[16][17]
• Ɓəna-Mboi (Yungur): G7^[18][19][20]
• Kebi-Benue (Mbum): G6
• Kim: G14
• Day
• Bua: G13
• Nimbari (Baari, Bari): G12 ^[21]
• Duli - Gewe (Gey, Gueve)
• ? Fali: G11
• ? Chamba-Daka (Daka): G3

Only the Tula-Waja, Longuda, Ɓəna-Mboi, Samba-Duru, and Bua groups have noun classes. The other groups only display vestiges of formerly active noun class systems.^[22]

Blench (2012, 2020)

Roger Blench (2012)^[23] concludes that the Adamawa languages are a geographic grouping, not a language family, and breaks up its various branches in his proposed Savannas family. He places some of the western Adamawa languages closer to the Gur languages than to other Adamawa families. Fali is tentatively excluded from Savannas altogether. Blench (2020) retains a connection between Mumuye and Yendang, but breaks up Kleinewillinghöfer's Samba-Duru.

Unclassified Adamawa languages

The Oblo language of Cameroon has been included in several versions of the Adamawa group, but its position within it is unclear.^[24]

It has been speculated that the unclassified Laal language of Chad may be Adamawa; the Jalaa language of Nigeria is probably not Adamawa, but shows heavy Adamawa influence. However, both are generally now considered to be language isolates.

Comparative vocabulary

This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (September 2021)

Sample basic vocabulary of Adamawa languages from Kleinewillinghöfer's Adamawa Languages Project website and various other sources:^[5]

Note: In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Adamawa_languages
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Classification	Language	Dialect	eye	ear	nose	tooth	tongue	mouth	blood	bone	water	tree	eat	name
Baa[13]	Baa		nu(ví) / rínù	ǹtú / ríǹtú	gyo̰ / rigyó̰	nyanwívì / rí-	dyḛǹ(vì)	nyààvì	twèèn	kukút	mán	kii / rikii	gyâ	zin
Bikwin-Jen[25]	Proto-Jen (Proto-Bikwin-Jen)		*núŋ	*tswi	*lúr(i)	*le	*ɗək; (*lyəN)	*ɲwa	*ɥe/*zwi	*kub	*kəb	*mɛ/*mɨŋ	*tə́ŋ	*lɨn/*ɗwín
Bikwin-Jen[8]	Burak (Ɓʊʊrak)		núŋ	twíi ?	lúúri	lée	ɗá̰k	nyúwaa, nywaa	wɪ́ɪ́	kúb, kúp ?	mɛ́ɛ́	ɗít / yéɗit	tá̰ŋ	lín̄
Bikwin-Jen	Loo (Shʊŋɔ)	Galdemaru	ɛrɛ nuŋ	twɪ́ɪ́	lúúrì	lei	ɗak	nywa	dùm	kúp	mɛ́ɛ́	ɗít	táŋ	nin
Bikwin-Jen	Loo (Shʊŋɔ)	Waamura	ɛrɛ nuŋ	twɪ́ɪ́	lúúrì	lei	ɗak	nywa	dùm	kúp	mɛ́ɛ́	káp	táŋ	nin
Bikwin-Jen	Maɣdi (Tala)		núŋ / yéénuŋ	cwéé	luuli	léí	ɗák	nyuwaa	ywee	kób, kúób / yéé kób	míshì	káp / yéékáp	taŋ	lin
Bikwin-Jen	Lee Mak	Panya	nuŋ	dɔkswíì	ɗuurə	lei	lén	nuwaa	lyüé	kóp	mui kya	kap / yeekâp	táŋ	ɗín
Bikwin-Jen	Lee Mak	Zoo	nuŋ	(ɗɔ́k)shwìyè	ɗuurə	lei	lén	nuwa	lyüé	kúóp	mwui kya	kàp	táŋ	ɗin
Bikwin-Jen	Kya̰k (Bambuka)		núŋ	ɗɔ́kswì	ɗúr	lɛ́ɛ́	ɗyím	ŋwaà	zwìì	kəkəp	mùŋ	káp	táŋ	ɗwín
Bikwin-Jen	Mɔɔ (Gomu)		nə́ŋ	ɗɔ́kfíì	ɗúr	lɛ́ɛ́	ɗyík	ŋwaa	zìì	kúp	mùŋ kwâm	kaap	taŋ	ɗwín
Bikwin-Jen	LeeLau (Munga, Munga Leelau)		núŋ	ɗɔkswî	ɗurr, ndurr	léí	lyén	ŋwaà	zìì	kukup; (kʊkʊp ?)	munki	kâp	tâŋ	ɗún
Bikwin-Jen[8]	Dza (Jen)	Kaigama	nə́ŋ	tshwötshwí	bwaadjwí	djìì	lʌ̰́	nnwâ	hywṵi, hywḭ	kʊʊkʊ́, kʊkʊ́	mmə́ŋ	kɐ́ɐ / ekʌ́(ʌ)	táŋ, tháŋ	djwuŋ
Bikwin-Jen	Munga (Məngaŋ) Doso		nəŋ	cúcwì	kádwì	íì	lyêm	ŋwàà	ehywü; (exwü)	kúkwə̀	məŋ tsər	kaa / lékaa	tâŋ	ɗyíìŋ
Bikwin-Jen	Joole		nə́ŋ / ee-	tʃwü tʃwí	nwá̰ dwí	jì(ì) (calabash)	lʌ́	ká̰ nw̰á̰	hṵ̈̀ḭ̀	kùkú	mə́ŋ	kʌ́ / èèkʌ́	táŋ	dzuŋ
Bikwin-Jen	Jòòle	Joole Manga	bwàà nù	bwaa tywi	bwàà dṵ̀	gigi	láŋ	kányua	vi (?)	kúkú	míkyá	nyááká / nyááká búbáí	tà̰à̰	dumà
Tula-Waja[6]	Wɪya, Waja, Wajan Kasa		nuŋè	twɪ́yaʊ	boocu	nwii	bɛnɛ	nɪyaʊ	tumà	kuu	gundù	sou	jɛ	dənè
Tula-Waja	Waja	Deeri, Wajan Dutse				gɔn niŋi				podou / podoru
Tula-Waja	Kutule, Tula	Wange	kwalaŋɛ / kwalaŋi	kətɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ	cʊʊn / cʊʊni	kunuwaŋ / nǔǔm, tunuri	ben / beni	yii / yiini	kʊtʊm	kətiyaŋ / tətiini	mwɛ̀ / mwɛti	tíyaŋ / tííní	cáú ~ ʃáú	dən / dimbi
Tula-Waja	Tula	Baule	nù / núl	kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɪ̀	sʊ́ʊ́n / sʊ́ʊ́nɪ́, sʊ́ŋə́n	kə́núwáŋ / núúm, tə́núri	been / bééni	yí / yiiní	kʌtùùm	kətiyá námáŋ / tətiini náiyé	mwɛ̀	kətíyá / tətííní	saʊ; sa (mwàn)	də́n / də́mbí
Tula-Waja	Tula	Yili (Yiri)	nuù / nuuto	kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ / kətɛ́ɛ́nɪ́	ʃʊ́ʊ́l / ʃʊ́ʊ́wɪ̀