Windsor
City (single-tier)
City of Windsor
From top, left to right: Downtown Windsor skyline, Ambassador Bridge, WFCU Centre, Dillon Hall at University of Windsor, and Caesars Windsor
Flag Coat of arms Logo
Nicknames:  "The City of Roses", "Automotive Capital of Canada"[1]
Motto(s):  The river and the land sustain us. - “The Place to Be.”
Location in the Detroit–Windsor region
Windsor Location within southern Ontario Show map of Southern Ontario Windsor Location within Ontario Show map of Ontario Windsor Location within Canada Show map of Canada
Coordinates: 42°18′08″N 82°59′37″W / 42.30222°N 82.99361°W / 42.30222; -82.99361 (Windsor)[2]
Country	Canada
Province	Ontario
Census division	Essex
Settled	1749
Incorporated	1854
Named for	Windsor, Berkshire
Government
• Type	Council-Manager
• Mayor	Drew Dilkens
• Governing body	Windsor City Council
• MPs	Brian Masse (NDP), Irek Kusmierczyk (LPC)
• MPPs	Lisa Gretzky (NDP), Andrew Dowie (PC)
Area [3][4]
• City (single-tier)	146.32 km2 (56.49 sq mi)
• Urban	175.77 km2 (67.87 sq mi)
• Metro	1,022.84 km2 (394.92 sq mi)
Elevation	190 m (620 ft)
Population  (2021)
• City (single-tier)	229,660 (23rd)
• Urban	306,519 (16th)
• Metro	422,630 (16th)
Demonym	Windsorite
Gross Metropolitan Product
• Windsor CMA	CA$16.4 billion (2019)[5]
Time zone	UTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Forward sortation area	N8N to N8Y, N9A to N9K
Area codes	519, 226 and 548
Website	www.citywindsor.ca
* Separated municipalities

Windsor (/ˈwɪndzər/ WIND-zer) is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, on the south bank of the Detroit River directly across from Detroit, Michigan, United States. Geographically located within but administratively independent of Essex County, it is the southernmost city in Canada and marks the southwestern end of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. The city's population was 229,660 at the 2021 census, making it the third-most populated city in Southwestern Ontario, after London and Kitchener. The Detroit–Windsor urban area is North America's most populous trans-border conurbation. Linking the Great Lakes Megalopolis, the Ambassador Bridge border crossing is the busiest commercial crossing on the Canada–United States border.

Windsor is a major contributor to Canada's automotive industry and is culturally diverse. Known as the "Automotive Capital of Canada", Windsor's industrial and manufacturing heritage is responsible for how the city has developed through the years.

History

Early settlement

At the time when the first Europeans arrived in the 17th century, the Detroit River region was inhabited by the Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi and Iroquois First Nations.^[6] The land along the Detroit River was part of the Three Fires Confederacy between the Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Odawa and was referred to as Wawiiatanong or Wawiiatanong Ziibi meaning "where the river bends" in Anishinaabemowin.^[7][8]

Later settlement

A French agricultural settlement was established at the site of Windsor in 1749. It is the oldest continually inhabited European-founded settlement in Canada west of Montreal. The area was first named la Petite Côte ("Little Coast"—as opposed to the longer coastline on the Detroit side of the river). Later it was called La Côte de Misère ("Poverty Coast") because of the sandy soils near LaSalle.

Windsor's French-Canadian heritage is reflected in French street names such as Ouellette, Drouillard, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The current street system (a grid with elongated blocks) reflects the Canadien method of agricultural land division, where the farms were long and narrow, fronting along the river. Today, the name of the north–south street often shows the name of the family that farmed the land where the street is today. The street system of outlying areas is consistent with the British system for granting land concessions. There is a sizeable French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area, particularly in the Lakeshore, Tecumseh and LaSalle areas.

In 1797, after the American Revolution, the settlement of "Sandwich" was established. It was later renamed Windsor, after the town in Berkshire, England. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsor's west side is home to some of the city's oldest buildings, including Mackenzie Hall, originally built as the Essex County Courthouse in 1855. Today, this building is a community centre. The city's oldest building is the Duff-Baby House, built in 1792. It is owned by Ontario Heritage Trust and houses government offices.

19th century

The François Baby House in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and houses Windsor's Community Museum dedicated to local history.

Windsor was the site of a battle during the 1838 Upper Canada Rebellion. It was attacked by a band of 400 Americans and rebels from Detroit who burned a steamboat and two or three houses before being routed by the local militia.^[9] Later that year, Windsor also served as a theatre for the Patriot War.

In 1846, Windsor had a population of about 300. Two steamboats offered service to Detroit. The barracks were still in operation. There were various tradespeople and other occupations, including bank agencies and post offices.^[9] The city's access to the Canada–US border made it an essential stop for refugee enslaved people gaining freedom in the northern United States along the Underground Railroad. Many went across the Detroit River to Windsor to escape pursuit by slave catchers.^[10][11] There were estimated to be 20,000 to 30,000 African-American refugees who settled in Canada,^[12] with many settling in Essex County, Ontario.^[13][14][10]

Windsor was incorporated as a village in 1854 (the same year the village was connected to the rest of Canada by the Grand Trunk Railway/Canadian National Railway), then became a town in 1858, and gained city status in 1892.

The Windsor Police Service was established on July 1, 1867.

A fire consumed much of Windsor's downtown core on October 12, 1871, destroying over 100 buildings.^[15]

The Windsor Star Centennial Edition in 1992 covered the city's past, its success as a railway centre, and its contributions to World War I and World War II fighting efforts. It also recalled the naming controversy in 1892 when Windsor aimed to become a city. The most popular names listed in the naming controversy were South Detroit, The Ferry (from the ferries that linked Windsor to Detroit), Windsor, and Richmond (the runner-up in popularity). Windsor was chosen to promote the heritage of new English settlers in the city and to recognize Windsor Castle in Berkshire, England. However, Richmond was a popular name used until World War II, mainly by the local post office.

20th century

Sandwich, Ford City and Walkerville were separate legal entities (towns) until 1935. They are now historic neighbourhoods of Windsor. Ford City was incorporated as a village in 1912; it became a town in 1915 and a city in 1929. Walkerville was incorporated as a town in 1890. Sandwich was established in 1817 as a town with no municipal status. It was incorporated as a town in 1858 (the same year as neighbouring Windsor).

Windsor annexed these three towns in 1935. The nearby villages of Ojibway and Riverside were incorporated in 1913 and 1921, respectively. Both were annexed by Windsor in 1966.^[16] During the 1920s, alcohol prohibition was enforced in Michigan while alcohol was legal in Ontario. Rum-running in Windsor was a common practice then.

On October 25, 1960, a massive gas explosion destroyed the building housing the Metropolitan Store on Ouellette Avenue. Ten people were killed, and at least one hundred were injured.^[17] The Windsor Star commemorated the 45th anniversary of the event on October 25, 2005.

Climate

Windsor has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with four distinct seasons.^[19][20] Among cities in Ontario, Windsor has the warmest climate.^[21] The mean annual temperature is 9.9 °C (50 °F), among the warmest in Canada primarily due to its hot summers. Some locations in coastal and lower mainland British Columbia have a slightly higher mean annual temperature due to milder winter conditions there. The coldest month is January, and the warmest month is July. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Windsor was −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) on January 29, 1873,^[22] and the warmest was 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) on June 25, 1988.^[23]

Summers are hot and humid,^[20] with a July mean temperature of 23.0 °C (73 °F) (the highest such mean in Canada, with the warmest summer nights in the country) although the humidex (combined feel of temperature and humidity) reaches 30 or higher on 70 days in an average summer; the highest recorded humidex in Ontario, 52.1, occurred on June 20, 1953. Temperatures remain warm during summer nights due to the high humidity. Windsor has some of the warmest summer nighttime temperatures in Canada.^[18] Thunderstorms are common during summer and occur on average 32 days per year, some of them severe with high winds, heavy rainfall, flooding, intense lightning, hail and less often, tornadic activity^[20][18] Winters are generally cold with a January mean temperature of −3 °C (27 °F).^[18] Windsor is not in the traditional lake-effect snow belts but occasionally sees lake-effect snow that originates over Lake Michigan. Snow cover is intermittent throughout the winter; on average, there are 53 days each year with snow on the ground. There are typically three to five major snowfalls each winter. Windsor has the highest number of days per year with lightning, haze, and daily maximum humidex over 30 °C (86 °F) of cities in Canada.^[24] Windsor is also home to Canada's warmest fall, with the highest mean temperatures for September, October and November.^[24] Precipitation is generally well-distributed throughout the year. There are, on average, 2,261 sunshine hours per year in Windsor.^[25]