Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
Logo
Map of North, Central and South America indicating CELAC members:   Member countries   Claimed territoriesa
Official languages	Spanish Portuguese French English Dutch
Demonym(s)	Latin American Caribbean
Membership	33 member states
Leaders
• President pro tempore	Xiomara Castro
Establishment	February 23, 2010 (2010-02-23)
Population
• 2011 estimate	600,000,000
Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina.

The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)^[a] is a regional bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states proposed on February 23, 2010, at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit,^[1][2][3] and created on December 3, 2011, in Caracas, Venezuela, with the signing of the Declaration of Caracas.^[4] It consists of 33 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and has five official languages.^[5]

CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and to reduce the significant influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America. It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS), a regional body that was founded by United States and 21 other Latin American nations in 1948 as a countermeasure to potential Soviet influence in the region.^[6][7] Cuba, which was suspended from the OAS in 1962 and has since refused to rejoin, is a member of CELAC.^[6]

CELAC is the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC).^[8] In July 2010, CELAC selected President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez and President of Chile Sebastián Piñera, as co-chairs of the forum to draft statutes for the organization.^{[citation needed]}

Brazil decided to suspend its participation in the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States in January 2020 under the administration of Jair Bolsonaro.^[9] Following the 2022 Brazilian general election, newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signalled his intention to rejoin the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States,^[10] and effectively did so in the first days of his administration.^[11]

History

2008–2010: Brazil and Mexico initiatives

The immediate predecessor of the CELAC is the Rio Group. Formed in 1986, it gathered 24 Latin American and Caribbean countries around summits to cooperate regional policy issue independently of the United States.^[12]

On 16–17 December 2008, the I Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC) took place in Costa do Sauipe, Bahia, Brazil. It was organized at the initiative of the Lula administration with the goal of building cooperation mechanism with greater autonomy from the United States and Canada. Most heads of state from Latin America and the Caribbean states attended, with the exception of President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe and President of Peru Alan García.^[13] The summit finished with the signing of the Bahia Declaration, a common agenda establishing the following priorities: cooperation between mechanism of regional and subregional integration, the global financial crisis, energy, infrastructures, social development and eradication of hunger and poverty, food security, sustainable development, natural disasters, human rights promotion, migration, South–South cooperation and Latin America and Caribbean projection.^[14][15]

In 2008, the Calderón administration of Mexico proposed the creation of the Latin American and the Caribbean Union (Spanish: Unión Latinoamericana y del Caribe, ULC). The proposal was formalized on 27 March 2009 at Rio Group meeting. At the initiative of Mexico, the XXI Rio Summit and the II CALC summit were held together on 22–23 February 2010 in Playa del Carmen, Mexico. The joint summit was named the Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit and the 33 attending states decided to create the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), which would be formally established in 2011.^[16]

Hugo Chávez, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Rafael Correa were among the other prominent left-wing leaders who praised the creation of CELAC.^[17]

The announcement prompted debate and discussion across Latin America and the Caribbean about whether it was more beneficial to have close ties with the U.S. and Canada or to work independently.^[18]

Raúl Zibechi, writing for Mexico's center-left La Jornada newspaper said, "The creation of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States is part of a global and continental shift, characterized by the decline of U.S. hegemony and the rise of a group of regional blocs that form part of the new global balance."^[19]

An editorial in Brazil's Estadão newspaper said, "CELAC reflects the disorientation of the region's governments in relation to its problematic environment and its lack of foreign policy direction, locked as it is into the illusion that snubbing the United States will do for Latin American integration what 200 years of history failed to do."^[17]

2011: Founding

CELAC's inaugural summit was due to be held in mid-2011, but was postponed because of the ill-health of Hugo Chávez, president of the host nation, Venezuela. The summit was instead held on December 2 and 3, 2011, in Caracas.^[20] It primarily focused on the global economic crisis and its effects on the region. Several leaders, including presidents Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Dilma Rousseff and Juan Manuel Santos, encouraged an increase in regional trade, economic development, and further economic cooperation among members in order to defend their growing economies.^[18]

Chávez, and other leaders such as Rafael Correa and Daniel Ortega, expressed hope that the bloc would work to further Latin American integration, end U.S. hegemony and consolidate control over regional affairs.^[18] Chávez, citing the Monroe Doctrine as the original confirmation of U.S. interference in the region, openly called for CELAC to replace the OAS: "As the years go by, CELAC is going to leave behind the old and worn-out OAS." Correa called for a new human rights commission to replace the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Other leaders argued that the organisation should be used as a tool to resolve regional disagreements and uphold democratic values, but not as a replacement of the OAS.^[18] Santos stated that he would like to see dialogue within the group over whether existing counter-drug regulations should be revised.^[18] The president of the Latin American Parliament (Parlatino) said he expects that Parlatino will become the main legislative institution of CELAC.^[21] Amongst the key issues on the agenda were the creation of a "new financial architecture," sanction for maintaining the legal status of coca in Bolivia and the rejection of the Cuban embargo by the U.S.^[22]

United States President Barack Obama's senior adviser on Latin America, Daniel Restrepo, informed reporters from Miami that the U.S. government would "watch and see what direction CELAC takes".^[23]

In June 2023, CELAC recognized the Latin American and Caribbean character of the island of Puerto Rico and “calls on the UN General Assembly to examine the question of Puerto Rico in its entirety and in all its aspects, and rule on this matter as soon as possible”..

Member states

CELAC comprises 33 countries, speaking five different languages: Eighteen Spanish-speaking countries

Argentina  Bolivia  Chile  Colombia  Costa Rica  Cuba  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  El Salvador

Guatemala  Honduras  Mexico  Nicaragua  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  Uruguay  Venezuela

Twelve English-speaking countries

Antigua and Barbuda  Bahamas  Barbados  Belize  Dominica  Grenada

Guyana  Jamaica  Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Trinidad and Tobago

One Dutch-speaking country

•  Suriname

One French-speaking country

•  Haiti

One Portuguese-speaking country

•  Brazil

Twelve members are in South America. Portuguese-speaking Brazil suspended its membership in January 2020, alleging that the organization failed to "protect democracy" in member states. The decision was taken during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro,^[24] who was himself accused of attacking Brazil's democratic institutions.^[25] Following the 2022 Brazilian general election, newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signalled his intention to rejoin.^[10] After taking office Lula reinstated Brazil's membership into the organization.^[26]

Indicators

The following table shows various data for CELAC member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various composite indices, including human development, viability of the state, rule of law, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States
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Country	Area[27] (km2) 2015	Population[28] 2015	GDP (PPP)[28] (Intl. $) 2015	GDP (PPP) per capita[28] (Intl. $) 2015	Income inequality[28] 1992-2014 (latest available)	HDI[29] 2015	FSI[30] 2016	RLI[31] 2016	CPI[32] 2016	IEF[33] 2017	GPI[34] 2016	WPFI[35] 2016	DI[36] 2016
Antigua and Barbuda	440	91,818	2,117,532,266	23,062	—	0.786	56.2	0.67	—	—	—	—	—
Argentina	2,780,400	43,416,755	884,155,392,935	20,364	42.67	0.827	48.4	0.55	36	50.4	1.957	25.09	6.96
Bahamas, The	13,880	388,019	8,924,827,793	23,001	—	0.792	51.6	0.61	66	61.1	—	—	—
Barbados	430	284,215	4,662,763,817	16,406	—	0.795	49.0	0.67	61	54.5	—	—	—
Belize	22,970	359,287	3,048,017,325	8,484	53.26	0.706	66.0	0.47	—	58.6	—	20.61	—
Bolivia	1,098,580	10,724,705	74,577,744,269	6,954	48.40	0.674	78.5	0.40	33	47.7	2.038	31.78	5.63
Brazil	8,515,770	207,847,528	3,198,897,964,239	15,391	51.48	0.754	65.3	0.55	40	52.9	2.176	32.62	6.90
Chile	756,096	17,948,141	419,386,742,725	23,367	50.45	0.847	41.9	0.68	66	76.5	1.635	19.23	7.78
Colombia	1,141,749	48,228,704	666,958,038,483	13,829	53.50	0.727	80.2	0.51	37	69.7	2.764	44.11	6.67
Costa Rica	51,100	4,807,850	74,976,669,841	15,595	48.53	0.776	45.1	0.68	58	65.0	1.699	11.10	7.88
Cuba	109,880	11,389,562	132,900,000,000b	11,600b	—	0.775	66.3	—	47	33.9	2.057	70.23	3.46
Dominica	750	72,680	789,634,652	10,865	—	0.726	—	0.60	59	63.7	—	—	—
Dominican Republic	48,670	10,528,391	149,893,354,990	14,237	47.07	0.722	70.8	0.47	31	62.9	2.143	27.90	6.67
Ecuador	256,370	16,144,363	185,242,693,748	11,474	45.38	0.739	75.6	0.45	31	49.3	2.020	33.21	5.81
El Salvador	21,040	6,126,583	52,808,578,088	8,620	41.84	0.680	72.5	0.49	36	64.1	2.237	27.20	6.64
Grenada	340	106,825	1,448,391,593	13,559	—	0.754	63.0	0.66	56	—	—	—	—
Guatemala	108,890	16,342,897	126,206,881,633	7,722	48.66	0.640	83.2	0.44	28	63.0	2.270	38.03	5.92
Guyana	214,970	767,085	5,769,805,304	7,522	44.55	0.638	70.9	0.49	34	58.5	2.105	27.07	6.25
Haiti	27,750	10,711,067	18,824,011,297	1,757	60.79	0.493	105.1	—	20	49.6	2.066	24.66	4.02
Honduras	112,490	8,075,060	41,144,078,465	5,095	50.64	0.625	79.8	0.42	30	58.8	2.237	44.62	5.92
Jamaica	10,990	2,725,941	24,785,002,528	8,873	45.46	0.730	65.0	0.57	39	69.5	2.091	12.45	7.39
Mexico	1,964,380	127,017,224	2,157,817,248,941	16,988	48.21	0.762	70.4	0.46	30	63.6	2.557	49.33	6.47
Nicaragua	130,370	6,082,032	31,628,389,092	5,200	47.05	0.645	79.0	0.42	26	59.2	1.975	28.82	4.81
Panama	75,420	3,929,141	87,373,244,561	22,237	50.70	0.788	53.2	0.52	38	66.3	1.837	30.59	7.13
Paraguay	406,752	6,639,123	61,069,963,183	9,198	51.67	0.693	72.6	—	30	62.4	2.037	33.63	6.27
Peru	1,285,220	31,376,670	393,125,472,102	12,529	44.14	0.740	72.0	0.51	35	68.9	2.057	29.99	6.65
Saint Kitts and Nevis	260	55,572	1,394,199,261	25,088	—	0.765	—	0.66	—	—	—	—	—
Saint Lucia	620	184,999	2,024,690,870	10,944	42.58	0.735	—	0.64	60	65.0	—	—	—
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	390	109,462	1,219,366,997	11,140	—	0.722	—	0.61	60	65.2	—	—	—
Suriname	163,820	542,975	9,069,126,393	16,703	57.61	0.725	66.7	0.53	45	48.0	—	16.70	6.77
Trinidad and Tobago	5,130	1,360,088	45,302,518,908	33,309	40.27	0.780	57.8	0.57	35	61.2	2.056	23.29	7.10