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Agriculture in Russia is an important part of the economy of the Russian Federation. The agricultural sector survived a severe transition decline in the early 1990s as it struggled to transform from a command economy to a market-oriented system.^[1] Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, large collective and state farms – the backbone of Soviet agriculture – had to contend with the sudden loss of state-guaranteed marketing and supply channels and a changing legal environment that created pressure for reorganization and restructuring. In less than ten years, livestock inventories declined by half, pulling down demand for feed grains, and the area planted to grains dropped by 25%.

The use of mineral fertilizer and other purchased inputs plummeted, driving yields down. Most farms could no longer afford to purchase new machinery and other capital investments. Following a nearly ten-year period of decline, Russian agriculture has experienced gradual ongoing improvement.^[2] The 2014 devaluation of the rouble and imposition of sanctions spurred domestic production; in 2016 Russia exceeded Soviet Russia's grain production levels, and in that year became the world's largest exporter of wheat.^[3] In the last years Russia has emerged as a big agricultural power again,^[3][4] despite also facing various challenges.^[4]

Geopolitical analyses of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as Siberia's arability increases.^[5] Managing migration flows, internal and international, is expected to be a central aspect of the process.^[5]

Production statistics overview

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, production statistics in 2018 include the following:^[6]

• It was the 3rd largest world producer of wheat (72.1 million tons), second only to China and India;
• It was the world's largest producer of sugar beet (42 million tons), which serves to produce sugar and ethanol;
• It was the 3rd largest world producer of potato (22.3 million tons), second only to China and India;
• It was the largest world producer of barley (17 million tons);
• It was the 2nd largest world producer of sunflower seed (12.7 million tons), second only to Ukraine;
• It was the 13th largest world producer of maize (11.4 million tons);
• It was the world's largest producer of oats (4.7 million tons);
• It was the 12th largest world producer of tomatoes (2.9 million tons);
• It was the 4th largest world producer of cabbage (2.5 million tons), second only to China, India and South Korea;
• It was the 2nd largest world producer of dry pea (2.3 million tons), second only to Canada;
• It was the 3rd largest world producer of rye (1.9 million tons), second only to Germany and Poland;
• It was the 10th largest world producer of rapeseed (1.9 million tons);
• It was the 8th largest world producer of apple (1.8 million tons);
• It was the 4th largest world producer of cucumber (1.6 million tons), second only to China, Iran and Turkey;
• It was the 9th largest world producer of onion (1.6 million tons);
• It was the 4th largest world producer of carrot (1.4 million tons), second only to China, Uzbekistan and the United States;
• It was the 3rd largest world producer of pumpkin (1.1 million tons), second only to China and India;
• It was the 2nd largest world producer of buckwheat (931 thousand tons), second only to China;
• It was the 3rd largest world producer of flax (557 thousand tons), second only to Kazakhstan and Canada;
• It was the 4th largest world producer of chickpeas (620 thousand tons), second only to India, Australia and Turkey;
• It was the largest world producer of currant (398 thousand tons);
• It was the 4th largest world producer of cherry (268 thousand tons);
• It was the 8th largest world producer of lentils (194 thousand tons);
• Produced 4 million tons of soy;
• Produced 1.9 million tons of watermelon;
• Produced 1 million tons of rice;
• Produced 627 thousand tons of grape.

Climate

Russia experiences extreme temperatures in winter and summer, and summer precipitation is low. Many regions of Russia experience six months of snow cover each year and in these places the subsoil can often be frozen permanently. The most fertile regions are in the southern parts of the country between Kazakhstan and Ukraine called chernozem ("black earth") in Russian. Just over 7% of the country's total land is arable, 60% of which is used for cropland and the remainder for pasture.^[7]

Geopolitical analyses of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as Siberia's arability increases.^[5] Managing migration flows, internal and international, is expected to be a central aspect of the process.^[5]

Reduction of arable land

The changes that began at the end of the 20th century greatly affected agriculture.^[1] Agricultural production has been sharply reduced;^[8] and there was a significant reduction in arable land in a number of regions.^[9]

Data on subjects of the Russian Federation:

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Agriculture_in_Russia
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Arable land in the regions, thousands of hectares[10]
Federal subjects of Russia	1959[11]	1990[12]	1995	2000[12]	2005[13]	2010	2015[13]	Decline from 1990 to 2015, times
Tuva	328	282	194,2	44,2	38,4	27,8	27,2	10,37
Murmansk Oblast	6	24,8	16	14,9	12,1	7,8	7,1	7,7
Zabaykalsky Krai	1698	1542,9	746,8	339,6	278,8	217,2	208,2	7,41
Magadan Oblast	5	36,5	22,7	11,7	6,8	6,1	6,5	5,62
Buryatia	846	767,8	551,1	361,6	221,8	192,8	154	4,99
Astrakhan Oblast	169	324	218,5	96	70	75,5	76,7	4,22
Arkhangelsk Oblast	331	295,1	273,3	215,6	134,5	104,4	77	3,83
Smolensk Oblast	1570	1438,8	1107,1	807,7	547,4	455,8	400,2	3,60
Pskov Oblast	1034	874,7	695,7	575,6	365,3	275,5	245,3	3,57
Kostroma Oblast	771	661,7	576,7	467,2	328,8	207,1	192,0	3,45
Kamchatka Krai	15	64,9	54,8	32,6	18,8	22	20,8	3,12
Tver Oblast	369	1475,2	1223,7	905,1	688,9	633,1	534,4	2,76
Kalmykia	647	726,6	567,5	270,3	275,1	298,8	263,1	2,76
Novgorod Oblast	567	484,8	371,8	280,1	180,6	181,4	178,5	2,72
Kaluga Oblast	1044	918,9	754,3	535,1	370,7	302,1	338,4	2,72
Ivanovo Oblast	660	609,2	528,2	407,3	256,9	219,2	231,3	2,63
Republic of Karelia	67	82,8	77,3	66,5	46,9	38,4	32,5	2,55
Kirov Oblast	2810	2193,9	1838,1	1626,9	1207,9	853	862,8	2,54
Komi Republic	101	100,5	99,6	83,2	52,7	40,5	40,7	2,47
Perm Krai	2118	1850,3	1501,9	1289	999,5	795,2	757,2	2,44
Yaroslavl Oblast	848	768,9	671	570,6	442,3	337,3	315,0	2,44
Irkutsk Oblast	1636	1573,2	1398,4	1020,9	715,4	639	675,3	2,33
Vologda Oblast	906	815,1	757,3	702,3	541,6	451,8	372,4	2,19
Moscow Oblast	1249	1224,1	1096,4	977,9	699,4	550,7	579,1	2,11
Mari El	656	603	585,6	500,5	400,8	299,5	292,4	2,06
Ryazan Oblast	1938	1687	1407,3	994,2	808,2	771,1	858,8	1,96
Vladimir Oblast	688	643,6	553,4	485	409,1	331,2	329,2	1,96
Leningrad Oblast	357	436,4	402,7	386,7	293,3	250,5	229,9	1,90
Sakhalin Oblast	34	50	46,6	36,7	23,9	25,4	26,5	1,89
Kurgan Oblast	3026	2640,3	2094,8	1675,9	1203,7	1373,9	1393,4	1,89
Krasnoyarsk Krai	3927	2879,1	2507,6	1926,4	1608	1461,1	1538,1	1,87
Tula Oblast	1683	1448	1295,5	912,8	739,6	749,5	780,8	1,85
Tomsk Oblast	583	622,9	549,2	488,4	388,4	381,3	339,9	1,83
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	2367	2055,5	1716,4	1494,6	1186,8	1165,1	1125,0	1,83
Primorsky Krai	626	741,6	564,5	448,1	340,1	314	413,7	1,79
Sverdlovsk Oblast	1521	1516,3	1334,1	1175,1	959,6	851,9	866,4	1,75
Penza Oblast	2630	2229,6	1945,3	1258,2	1169,1	1304,1	1304,1	1,71
Kaliningrad Oblast	369	416,3	349,6	262,1	217,9	148,1	245,5	1,70
Ulyanovsk Oblast	1869	1643,8	1567,4	1127,7	769,6	950,2	1010,2	1,63
Bryansk Oblast	1413	1292	1169,6	865,8	654,8	671,6	826,1	1,56
Volgograd Oblast	5303	4619,1	3992,1	2610,2	2979,3	2726,2	2988,0	1,55
Khabarovsk Krai	194	121,3	109,6	102,6	77,3	72,6	78,5	1,55
Saratov Oblast	6399	5564,5	4438,4	3955,7	3589,5	3604,6	3730,9	1,49
Tyumen Oblast	1775	1634,3	1296,8	1181,9	990	1091,2	1102,7	1,48
Kemerovo Oblast	1599	1447	1275,6	1141,6	1065,3	1037,1	971,7	1,49
Novosibirsk Oblast	4123	3442,9	3049,2	2718,8	2536,6	2326,2	2339,9	1,47
Chelyabinsk Oblast	3086	2694,3	2431,8	1994,7	1844,0	2074,4	1834,9	1,47
Bashkortostan	4886	4399,3	4245,8	3744,3	3048	3146,9	3060,6	1,44
Amur Oblast	1486	1623,5	1082,1	659,5	576,4	790,3	1165,1	1,39
Chuvashia	874	799,9	770,6	693,1	551,3	571,9	574,7	1,39
Udmurtia	1620	1400,8	1271,5	1152	1153,8	1067,2	1028,9	1,36
Karachay-Cherkessia	-	192,3	155,2	142	117,6	121,9	141,9	1,36
Altai Republic	-	146,5	132,1	106,6	103,4	103,3	108,3	1,35
Orenburg Oblast	6200	5569	4894,1	4454,1	3840,2	4051,4