2009 Fort Hood shooting
First responders prepare the wounded for transport in waiting ambulances near Fort Hood's Soldier Readiness Processing Center.
Location of the main cantonment of Fort Hood in Bell County
Location	Fort Hood, Texas, U.S.
Coordinates	31°8′33″N 97°47′47″W / 31.14250°N 97.79639°W / 31.14250; -97.79639
Date	November 5, 2009; 14 years ago (2009-11-05) c. 1:34 – c. 1:44 p.m. (CST)
Target	U.S. Army soldiers and civilians
Attack type	Mass shooting, mass murder, domestic terrorism
Weapons	FN Five-seven pistol Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolver
Deaths	14 (including an unborn baby)[1]
Injured	33 (including the perpetrator)
Perpetrator	Nidal Hasan
Motive	Islamic extremism
Verdict	Guilty on all counts
Sentence	Death
Convictions	Premeditated murder (13 counts) Attempted murder (32 counts)

On November 5, 2009, a terrorist mass shooting took place at Fort Hood (now Fort Cavazos), near Killeen, Texas.^[1] Nidal Hasan, a U.S. Army major and psychiatrist, fatally shot 13 people and injured more than 30 others.^[2][3] It was the deadliest mass shooting on an American military base and the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States since the September 11 attacks until it was surpassed by the San Bernardino attack in 2015.^[4]

Hasan was shot and as a result paralyzed from the waist down.^[5] He was arraigned by a military court on July 20, 2011 and was charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted murder under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. His court-martial began on August 7, 2013. Due to the nature of the charges (more than one premeditated, or first-degree, murder case, in a single crime), Hasan faced either the death penalty or life in prison without parole upon conviction.^[6][7] Hasan was found guilty on 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted premeditated murder on August 23, 2013, and was sentenced to death on August 28, 2013.^[8]

Days after the shooting, reports in the media revealed that a Joint Terrorism Task Force had been aware of a series of e-mails between Hasan and the Yemen-based Imam Anwar al-Awlaki, who had been monitored by the NSA as a security threat, and that Hasan's colleagues had been aware of his increasing Islamic radicalization for several years. The failure to prevent the shooting led the Defense Department and the FBI to commission investigations, and Congress to hold hearings.

The U.S. government declined requests from survivors and family members of the slain to categorize the Fort Hood shooting as an act of terrorism, or motivated by militant Islamic religious convictions.^[9] In November 2011, a group of survivors and family members filed a lawsuit against the government for negligence in preventing the attack, and to force the government to classify the shooting as terrorism. The Pentagon argued that charging Hasan with terrorism was not possible within the military justice system and that such action could harm the military prosecutors' ability to sustain a guilty verdict against Hasan.^[10]

Shootings

Preparations

According to pretrial testimony, Hasan entered the Guns Galore store in Killeen on July 31, 2009, and purchased the FN Five-seven semi-automatic pistol that he would use in the attack at Fort Hood. According to Army Specialist William Gilbert, a regular customer at the store, Hasan entered the store and asked for "the most technologically advanced weapon on the market and the one with the highest standard magazine capacity". Hasan was allegedly asked how he intended to use the weapon, but simply repeated that he wanted the most advanced handgun with the largest magazine capacity.^[12] The three people with Hasan—Gilbert, the store manager, and an employee—all recommended the FN Five-seven pistol.^[13] As Gilbert owned one of the pistols, he spent an hour describing its operation to Hasan.^[14]

Hasan left the store, saying he needed to research the weapon.^[14] He returned to purchase the gun the next day, and visited the store once a week to buy extra magazines, along with over 3,000 rounds of 5.7×28mm SS192 and SS197SR ammunition total.^[13] In the weeks prior to the attack, Hasan visited an outdoor shooting range in Florence, where he allegedly became adept at hitting silhouette targets at distances of up to 100 yards.^[12]

Soldier Readiness Processing Center shootings

At approximately 1:34 p.m. local time, November 5, 2009, Hasan entered the Soldier Readiness Processing Center, where personnel receive routine medical treatment immediately prior to and on return from deployment. He was preparing to deploy to Afghanistan with his unit and had been to the Center several times before. He was armed with the FN Five-seven pistol, which he had fitted with two Lasermax laser sights: one red, and one green.^[15][16] A Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolver (an older model) was later found on Hasan's person, but he did not use it to shoot any of the victims.^[11][17]

After entering the building, Hasan went to the first desk to the right of the North doors and asked to see Major Parrish. MAJ Parrish worked in the building (and had been assisting Hasan in his deployment preparations). The worker went down the hall to get Parrish. According to eyewitnesses, Hasan then went around behind the desk and bowed his head for several seconds, before he suddenly stood up, shouted "Allahu Akbar !" and opened fire.^[18][19][20] Witnesses said Hasan initially "sprayed bullets at soldiers in a fanlike motion" before taking aim at individual soldiers.^[21] Eyewitness SGT Michael Davis said: "The rate of fire was pretty much constant shooting. When I initially heard it, it sounded like an M16."^[22]

Army Reserve Captain John Gaffaney tried to stop Hasan by charging him, but was mortally wounded before reaching him.^[23] Civilian physician assistant Michael Cahill also tried to charge Hasan with a chair, but was shot and killed.^[24] Army Reserve Specialist Logan Burnett tried to stop Hasan by throwing a folding table at him, but he was shot in the left hip, fell down, and crawled to a nearby cubicle.^[25]

According to testimony from witnesses, Hasan passed up several opportunities to shoot civilians, and instead targeted soldiers in uniform,^[26] who – in accordance with military policy – were not carrying personal firearms.^[27] At one point, Hasan reportedly approached a group of five civilians hiding under a desk.^[28] He looked at them, swept the dot of his pistol's laser sight over one of the men's faces, and turned away without firing.^[28] While this was going on, an Army Specialist broke a window in the back of the building where MAJ Parrish worked. Two soldiers and Parrish exited the building through the broken window on the east side of the building and escaped to the parking lot, though one soldier severely cut his hand on broken glass. All of this happened as Hasan was still roaming the building and shooting.

Base civilian police Sergeant Kimberly Munley, who had rushed to the scene in her patrol car, encountered Hasan in the area outside the Soldier Readiness Processing Center.^[29] Hasan fired at Munley, who exchanged shots with him using her 9mm M9 pistol. Munley's hand was hit by shrapnel when one of Hasan's bullets struck a nearby rain gutter, and then two bullets struck Munley: the first bullet hit her thigh, and the second hit her knee.^[16][26] As she began to fall from the first bullet, the second bullet struck her femur, shattering it and knocking her to the ground.^[16][26] Hasan walked up to Munley and kicked her pistol out of reach.^[30]

As the shooting continued outside, nurses and medics entered the building. An unidentified soldier secured the south double doors with his ACU belt and rushed to help the wounded.^[31] According to the responding nurses, there was so much blood covering the floor inside the building that they were unable to maintain balance, and had difficulty reaching the wounded to help them.^[32] In the area outside the building, Hasan continued to shoot at fleeing soldiers. Herman Toro, Director of the Soldier Readiness Processing Site, arrived at this time. Hasan had gone around the building and was out of sight, but still shooting. Toro and another site worker rushed to assist Lieutenant Colonel Juanita Warman, who was down on the ground north of the medical building. They both took her by the arms and tried to carry her to safety when Hasan returned and aimed his red laser across Toro's chest, but did not fire. Toro took cover behind an electrical box and saw civilian police Sergeant Mark Todd arrive and shout commands at Hasan to surrender.^[26] Todd said: "Then he turned and fired a couple of rounds at me. I didn't hear him say a word, he just turned and fired."^[33] The two exchanged shots, Hasan emptying his pistol in the process. He stopped, turned, and reached into his pocket for a new magazine before being felled by five shots from Todd.^[3][34] Todd then ran over to Hasan, kicked the pistol out of his hand, and put handcuffs on him as he fell unconscious.^[35] LTC Tom Eberhart, Deputy Director of Human Resources, Fort Hood, arrived and entered the Medical Building to help. He had to step over bodies to enter the building's north entrance. He assisted another soldier in performing CPR on one of the wounded soldiers at the building's waiting area. Folding chairs were scattered all around. He noticed a soldier outside the south doors of the building and went to help, removing the belt from the door. The downed soldier was Staff Sergeant Alonzo Lunsford, a medical assistant from the building. He had two wounds in the abdomen and a wound to the scalp. He was unconscious and LTC Eberhart went back into the building to retrieve a folding table. Other soldiers assisted in getting SSG Lunsford onto the table and around the building to the triage area.

Aftermath

An investigator later testified that 146 spent shell casings were recovered inside the building.^[30] Another 68 casings were collected outside, for a total of 214 rounds fired by the attacker and responding police officers.^[30][36] A medic who treated Hasan said his pockets were full of pistol magazines.^[37] When the shooting ended, he was still carrying 177 rounds of unfired ammunition in his pockets, contained in both 20- and 30-round magazines.^[30] The incident, which lasted about 10 minutes,^[38] resulted in 13 killed—12 soldiers and one civilian; 11 died at the scene, and two died later in a hospital; and 30 people wounded.^[39][40]

Initially, officials thought three soldiers were involved in the shooting;^[41] two other soldiers were detained, but subsequently released. The Fort Hood website posted a notice indicating that the shooting was not a drill. Immediately after the shooting, the base and surrounding areas were locked down by military police and U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID) until around 7 pm local time.^[42] In addition, Texas Rangers, Texas DPS troopers,^[43] deputies from the Bell County Sheriff's Office, and FBI agents from Austin and Waco were dispatched to the base.^[44] U.S. President Barack Obama was briefed on the incident and later made a statement about the shooting.^[45]

On November 5, 2010, one year later, 52 individuals received awards for their actions in the shooting.^[46] The Soldier's Medal was awarded posthumously to Captain John Gaffaney, who died trying to charge the shooter; fifty other medals were presented to other responders,^[47] including seven others who were awarded the Soldier's Medal.^[48] The Secretary of the Army Award for Valor was awarded to police officers Kimberly Munley and Mark Todd, for the roles they played in stopping the shooter.^[47] On May 23, 2011, the Army Award for Valor was posthumously awarded to the civilian physician assistant Michael Cahill, who died trying to charge the shooter with a chair.^[47] In May 2012, Senator Joe Lieberman and Representative Peter T. King proposed legislation that would make the victims of the shooting eligible for the Purple Heart.^[49] In the 113th Congress, Representative John Carter introduced legislation to change the shooting designation from "workplace violence" to "combat related" which would make the victims of the shooting eligible to receive full benefits and the Purple Heart.^[50]

In July 2014, a memorial for those killed during the attack began to be built in Killeen.^[51] The dedication ceremony for the memorial was held in March 2016.^[52]

On February 6, 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a press release, in which Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh announced that he was approving the awarding of the Purple Heart and its civilian counterpart, the Secretary of Defense Medal for the Defense of Freedom, to victims of the shooting. This is a result of Congress expanding the eligibility requirement under a provision of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2015.^[53] On April 10, 2015, nearly 50 awards were handed out to dozens of survivors.^[54]

In October 2018, the Program on Extremism at George Washington University published a case study about the radicalization of Nidal Hasan .^[55] The report is based on previously unpublished as well as new sources including primary source documents, discussions with those close to Hasan, and interviews with Hasan himself. The paper concludes that his faith was fundamental to the development of his worldview and his pathway towards radicalization, and that his radicalization followed a linear pathway.

Casualties

Thirteen people - 12 soldiers and 1 civilian - were killed in the attack. Over thirty people were wounded; some from gunshots, others from falls or other injuries incurred during the incident, and many suffered psychological trauma or shock. The Army, press, and investigative bodies have reported several numbers for the total number of injured, without indicating what sorts of injuries they were counting, nor how: 29;^[56] 30;^[57][58][59] 31;^[60][61] 32;^[62][63][64] 38;^[59] and 42.^[65]: 1

Hasan, the gunman, was taken to Scott and White Memorial Hospital, a trauma center in Temple, Texas, and later moved to Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas, where he was held under heavy guard.^[5] Hasan was hit by at least four shots.^[66] As a result of bullet wounds to his spine, he is now paraplegic.^[5] He was later held at the Bell County jail in Belton, Texas.

Ten of the injured were also treated at Scott and White.^[67] Seven wounded victims were taken to Metroplex Adventist Hospital in Killeen.^[67] Eight others received hospital treatment for shock.^[68] On November 20, 2009, it was announced that eight of the wounded service members would deploy overseas.^[69]

Fatalities

The 13 killed were:

Name	Age	Hometown	Rank/occupation	Notes
Michael Grant Cahill[70]	62	Spokane, Washington	Civilian Physician Assistant	Shot while trying to charge the shooter[47]
Libardo Eduardo Caraveo[71][72]	52	Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua	Major
Justin Michael DeCrow[73][74]	32	Plymouth, Indiana	Staff Sergeant	Chest wound
John Paul Gaffaney[75]	56	Serra Mesa, California	Captain[76]	Also tried to charge the shooter[23]
Frederick Greene[70]	29	Mountain City, Tennessee	Specialist	The third person who also tried to charge the shooter[77]
Jason Dean Hunt[70]	22	Norman, Oklahoma	Specialist	Shot in the back
Amy Sue Krueger[70][78]	29	Kiel, Wisconsin	Staff Sergeant	Chest wound
Aaron Thomas Nemelka[70]	19	West Jordan, Utah	Private First Class	Chest wound
Michael Scott Pearson[70][79]	22	Bolingbrook, Illinois	Private First Class	Chest wound
Russell Gilbert Seager[80]	51	Racine, Wisconsin	Captain[81]	Chest wound
Francheska Velez[78][82]	21	Chicago, Illinois	Private First Class	Chest wound. Was three months pregnant when she was shot, and her baby also died.[83][84]
Juanita Lee Warman[80][85]	55	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	Lieutenant Colonel[86]	Shot in the abdomen
Kham See Xiong[70]	23	Saint Paul, Minnesota (immigrated from Thailand)	Private First Class	Head wound

Wounded

The following people suffered gunshot wounds and survived:

Count	Name	Rank/occupation	Notes
1	James Armstrong[87][88]: 60, ¶129	Specialist	Leg wound
2	Patrick Blue III[89]	Sergeant	Not shot, but hit in the side by bullet fragments
3	Keara Bono Torkelson[90][91]	Specialist	Shot in the shoulder and grazed in the head
4	Logan M. Burnett[88]: 61, ¶131 [89]	Specialist	Wound in the hip, left elbow, and hand while trying to rush the shooter.
5	Alan Carroll[92]	Specialist	Suffered injuries in the upper right arm, right bicep, left side of back, and left leg
6	Dorothy Carskadon[88]: 61, ¶132 [89]	Captain	Wounds in the leg, hip, and stomach, and grazed on the forehead; permanently disabled.
7	Joy Clark[93]	Staff Sergeant	Forearm wound
8	Matthew D. Cooke[88]: 62, ¶133 [94]	Specialist	Wound to the head, back and groin/buttocks; five shots
9	Chad Davis[95]	Staff Sergeant	Shoulder wound
10	Mick Engnehl[88]: 62, ¶134 [96]	Private	Shot in the shoulder and grazed in the neck
11	Joseph T. Foster[88]: 63, ¶135 [97]	Private	Hip wound
12	Amber Gadlin (formerly Amber Bahr)[87][88]: 63, ¶136 [98]	Private	Shot in the back
13	Nathan Hewitt[88]: 63, ¶137 [89]	Sergeant	Hit twice in the leg
14	Alvin Howard[87]	Sergeant	Wound in the left shoulder
15	Najee M. Hull[88]: 63, ¶138 [92]	Private	Hit once in the knee and twice in the back
16	Eric Williams Jackson[99]	Staff Sergeant	Wound in the right arm
17	Justin T. Johnson[88]: 64, ¶139 [100]	Private	Shot once in the foot and twice in the back
18	Alonzo M. Lunsford, Jr[87][101]	Staff Sergeant	Grazed in the head, and shot seven times
19	Shawn N. Manning[88]: 63, ¶141 [102]	Staff Sergeant	Grazed in the lower right side, and shot in the left upper chest, left back, lower right thigh, upper right thigh, and right foot
20	Paul Martin[93]	Staff Sergeant	Wounded in the arm, leg, and back
21	Brandy Mason[92]	2nd Lieutenant	Hip wound
22	Grant Moxon[89]	Specialist	Leg wound
23	Kimberly Munley[88]: 72, ¶157 [94]	Civilian Police Sergeant	Hit twice in the leg
24	John Pagel[103]	Specialist	Hit through his left arm after a bullet traveled into left side of his chest
25	Dayna Ferguson Roscoe[88]: 66, ¶142 [104]	Specialist	Wounded in the arm, shoulder, and thigh
26	Christopher H. Royal[88]: 66, ¶143 [89]	Chief Warrant Officer	Started a nonprofit foundation called "32 Still Standing" to raise money to support the survivors.[105]
27	Randy Royer[106]	Major	Wounded in the arm and leg
28	Jonathan Sims[88]: 66, ¶144 [107]	Specialist	Hit in the chest, back
29	George O. Stratton, III[88]: 67, ¶145 [89]	Specialist	Shoulder wound
30	Patrick Zeigler[93]	Staff Sergeant	Wounded in the left shoulder, left forearm, left hip, and left side of head
31	Miguel A. Valdivia[88]: 67, ¶146 [108]	Sergeant	Shot in the right thigh and left hip
32	Thuan Nguyen[99]	Staff Sergeant	Thigh wound

Shooter

During his court-martial on August 6, 2013 before a panel of 13 officers, Major Nidal Malik Hasan declared that he was the shooter.^[2] Hasan is unmarried and was described as socially isolated.^{[by whom?]} Born in the United States, Hasan is a practicing Muslim who, according to one of his cousins, became more devout after the deaths of his parents in 1998 and 2001.^[109] His cousin did not recall him ever expressing radical or anti-American views.^[109] Another cousin, Nader Hasan, a lawyer in Virginia, said that Nidal Hasan's opinion turned against the United States after he heard stories from his patients, who had returned from fighting in Afghanistan and Iraq.^[110] Because of what Hasan said was discrimination and his deepening anguish about serving in a military that fought against Muslims, he told some members of his family that he wanted to leave the military.^[111][112]

From 2003 to 2009, Hasan was stationed at Walter Reed Medical Center for his internship and residency; he also had a two-year fellowship at USUHS completed in 2009. According to National Public Radio (NPR), officials at Walter Reed Medical Center repeatedly expressed concern about Hasan's behavior during the entire six years he was there; Hasan's supervisors gave him poor evaluations and warned him that he was doing substandard work. In early 2008 (and on later occasions), several key officials met to discuss what to do about Hasan. Attendees of these meetings reportedly included the Walter Reed chief of psychiatry, the chairman of the USUHS Psychiatry Department, two assistant chairs of the USUHS Psychiatry Department (one of whom was the director of Hasan's psychiatry fellowship), another psychiatrist, and the director of the Walter Reed psychiatric residency program. According to NPR, fellow students and faculty were "deeply troubled" by Hasan's behavior, which they described as "disconnected", "aloof", "paranoid", "belligerent" and "schizoid".^[113]

Once, while presenting what was supposed to be a medical lecture to other psychiatrists, Hasan talked about Islam, and said that, according to the Quran, non-believers would be sent to hell, decapitated, set on fire, and have burning oil poured down their throats. A Muslim psychiatrist in the audience raised his hand, and challenged Hasan's claims.^[114] According to the Associated Press, Hasan's lecture also "justified suicide bombings".^[115] In the summer of 2009, after completion of his programs, he was transferred to Fort Hood.

At Fort Hood, Hasan rented an apartment away from other officers, in a somewhat rundown area.^[116] Two days before the shooting, Hasan gave away furniture from his home, saying he was going to be deployed.^[116] He also handed out copies of the Quran, along with his business cards, which gave a Maryland phone number and read "Behavioral Heatlh [sic] – Mental Health – Life Skills | Nidal Hasan, MD, MPH | SoA(SWT) | Psychiatrist".^[117][118] The cards did not reflect his military rank.

In May 2001, Hasan attended the funeral of his mother, held at the Dar Al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church, Virginia, which has 3,000 members. He may also have occasionally prayed there but, for a period of ten years, he prayed several times a week at the Muslim Community Center in Silver Spring, Maryland, closer to where he lived and worked. He was regularly seen at the Muslim Community Center by the imam and other members.^[119] His attendance at the Falls Church mosque was in the same period as that of Nawaf al-Hazmi and Hani Hanjour, two of the hijackers in the September 11 attacks, who went there from April 2001 to later in the summer.^[120][121] A law enforcement official said that the FBI will probably look into whether Hasan associated with the hijackers.^[122] A review of Hasan's computer and his e-mail accounts revealed he had visited radical Islamist websites, a senior law enforcement official said.^[123]

Hasan expressed admiration for the teachings of Anwar al-Awlaki, the imam at the Dar al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church, Virginia between 2000 and 2002. Awlaki had been the subject of several FBI investigations, and had helped hijackers al-Hazmi and Hanjour settle, and provided spiritual guidance to them when they met him at the San Diego mosque, and after they drove to the east coast.^[124] Considered moderate then, Al-Awlaki appeared to become radicalized after 2006 and was under surveillance. After Hasan wrote nearly 20 e-mails to him between December 2008 and June 2009, Hasan was investigated by the FBI. The fact that Hasan had "certain communications" with the subject of a Joint Terrorism Task Force investigation was revealed in an FBI press release made on November 9, 2009,^[125] and reporting by the media immediately revealed that the subject was Awlaki and the communications were e-mails.^[126] In one, Hasan wrote: "I can't wait to join you" in the afterlife. Lt. Col. Tony Shaffer, a military analyst at the Center for Advanced Defense Studies, suggested that Hasan was "either offering himself up or already crossed that line in his own mind".^[127]

Army employees were informed of the contacts at the time, but they believed that the e-mails were consistent with Hasan's professional mental health research about Muslims in the armed services, as part of his master's work in Disaster and Preventive Psychiatry.^[128] A DC-based joint terrorism task force operating under the FBI was notified, and the information reviewed by one of its Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) employees, who concluded there was not sufficient information for a larger investigation.^[129] Senior officers at the Department of Defense stated they were not notified of such investigations before the shootings.^[130]

Possible motives

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=2009_Fort_Hood_shooting
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