System/370

Designer	IBM
Bits	32-bit
Introduced	1970
Design	CISC
Type	Register–Register Register–Memory Memory–Memory
Encoding	Variable (2, 4 or 6 bytes long)
Branching	Condition code, indexing, counting
Endianness	Big
Predecessor	System/360
Successor	S/370-XA, ESA/370, ESA/390, z/Architecture
Registers
General-purpose	16× 32-bit
Floating point	4× 64-bit[a]

The IBM System/370 (S/370) is a range of IBM mainframe computers announced as the successors to the System/360 family on June 30, 1970. The series mostly^[b] maintains backward compatibility with the S/360, allowing an easy migration path for customers; this, plus improved performance, were the dominant themes of the product announcement.

Early 370 systems differed from the 360 largely in their internal circuitry, moving from the individual transistors and small-scale integrated circuits to more modern devices using multiple transistors per integrated circuit, which they referred to as Monolithic System Technology, or MST. The higher density packaging allowed several formerly optional features from the 360 line to be included as standard features of the machines, floating point support for instance. The 370 also added a small number of new instructions.

At the time of its introduction, the development of virtual memory systems had become a major theme in the computer market, and the 370 was considered highly controversial as it lacked this feature. This was addressed in 1972 with the System/370 Advanced Function and its associated dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware. All future machines in the lineup received this option, along with several new operating systems that supported it. Smaller additions were made throughout the lifetime of the line, which led to a profusion of models that were generally referred to by the processor number. One of the last major additions to the line in 1988 was the formalization of the ESA/370 extensions that allowed a machine to have multiple virtual address spaces and easily switch among them.

The 370 was IBM's primary large mainframe offering from the 1970s through the 1980s. In September 1990, the System/370 line was replaced with the System/390. The 390, which was based on a new ESA/390 model, expanded the multiple memory concept to include full hardware virtualization^{[disputed (for: It was there earlier)  – discuss]} that allowed it to run multiple operating systems at the same time.

Evolution

The original System/370 line was announced on June 30, 1970, with first customer shipment of the Models 155 and 165 planned for February 1971 and April 1971 respectively.^[1] The 155 first shipped in January 1971.^[2]: 643 System/370 underwent several architectural improvements during its roughly 20-year lifetime.^{[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]}

The following features mentioned in Principles of Operation^[3] are either optional on S/360 but standard on S/370, introduced with S/370 or added to S/370 after announcement.

• Branch and Save
• Channel Indirect Data Addressing
• Channel-Set Switching
• Clear I/O
• Command Retry
• Commercial Instruction Set^[c]
• Conditional Swapping
• CPU Timer and Clock Comparator
• Dual-Address Space (DAS)
• Extended-Precision Floating Point^[d]
• Extended Real Addressing
• External Signals
• Fast Release
• Floating Point^[c]
• Halt Device
• I/O Extended Logout
• Limited Channel Logout
• Move Inverse^[e]
• Multiprocessing^[f]
• PSW-Key Handling
• Recovery Extensions
• Segment Protection
• Service Signal
• Start-I/O-Fast Queuing^[10] (SIOF)
• Storage-Key-Instruction Extensions
• Storage-Key 4K-Byte Block
• Suspend and Resume
• Test Block
• Translation^[g]
• Vector^[h]
• 31-Bit IDAWs

Initial models

The first System/370 machines, the Model 155 and the Model 165, incorporated only a small number of changes to the System/360 architecture. These changes included:^[11]

• 13 new instructions, among which were

• MOVE LONG (MVCL);^[12]
• COMPARE LOGICAL LONG (CLCL);^[13]

thereby permitting operations on up to 2^24-1 bytes (16 MB), vs. the 256-byte limits on the 360's MVC and CLC;

• SHIFT AND ROUND DECIMAL (SRP),^[14] which multiplied or divided a packed decimal value by a power of 10, rounding the result when dividing;

• optional 128-bit (hexadecimal) floating-point arithmetic, introduced in the System/360 Model 85^[15][16]
• a new higher-resolution time-of-day clock^[17]
• support for the block multiplexer channel^[18] introduced in the System/360 Model 85.^[19]
• All of the emulator features were designed to run under the control of the standard operating systems. IBM documented the S/370 emulator programs as integrated emulators.

These models had core memory and did not include support for virtual storage.

Logic technology

All models of the System/370 used IBM's form of monolithic integrated circuits called MST (Monolithic System Technology) making them third generation computers. MST provided System/370 with four to eight times the circuit density and over ten times the reliability when compared to the previous second generation SLT technology of the System/360.^[2]: 440

Monolithic memory

On September 23, 1970, IBM announced the Model 145, a third model of the System/370, which was the first model to feature semiconductor main memory made from monolithic integrated circuits and was scheduled for delivery in the late summer of 1971. All subsequent S/370 models used such memory.

Virtual storage

In 1972, a very significant change was made when support for virtual storage was introduced with IBM's "System/370 Advanced Function" announcement. IBM had initially (and controversially) chosen to exclude virtual storage from the S/370 line.^{[2]: 479–484 [20]} The August 2, 1972 announcement included:

• address relocation hardware on all S/370s except the original models 155 and 165
• the new S/370 models 158 and 168, with address relocation hardware
• four new operating systems: DOS/VS (DOS with virtual storage), OS/VS1 (OS/360 MFT with virtual storage), OS/VS2 (OS/360 MVT with virtual storage) Release 1, termed SVS (Single Virtual Storage), and Release 2, termed MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) and planned to be available 20 months later (at the end of March 1974), and VM/370 – the re-implemented CP/CMS

Virtual storage had in fact been delivered on S/370 hardware before this announcement:

• In June 1971, on the S/370-145 (one of which had to be "smuggled" into Cambridge Scientific Center to prevent anybody noticing the arrival of an S/370 at that hotbed of virtual memory development – since this would have signaled that the S/370 was about to receive address relocation technology).^[21] The S/370-145 had an associative memory^{[22][23]: CPU 117-CPU 129} used by the microcode for the DOS compatibility feature from its first shipments in June 1971;^[22] the same hardware was used by the microcode for DAT.^{[23]: CPU 139} Although IBM famously chose to exclude virtual storage from the S/370 announcement, that decision was being reconsidered during the completion of the 145 engineering, partly because of virtual memory experience at CSC and elsewhere. The 145 microcode architecture simplified the addition of virtual storage, allowing this capability to be present in early 145s without the extensive hardware modifications needed in other models. However, IBM did not document the 145's virtual storage capability, nor annotate the relevant bits in the control registers and PSW that were displayed on the operator control panel when selected using the roller switches. The Reference and Change bits of the Storage-protection Keys, however, were labeled on the rollers, a dead giveaway to anyone who had worked with the earlier 360/67. Existing S/370-145 customers were happy to learn that they did not have to purchase a hardware upgrade in order to run DOS/VS or OS/VS1 (or OS/VS2 Release 1 – which was possible, but not common because of the limited amount of main storage available on the S/370-145).

Shortly after the August 2, 1972 announcement, DAT box (address relocation hardware) upgrades for the S/370-155 and S/370-165 were quietly announced, but were available only for purchase by customers who already owned a Model 155 or 165.^[24] After installation, these models were known as the S/370-155-II and S/370-165-II. IBM wanted customers to upgrade their 155 and 165 systems to the widely sold S/370-158 and -168.^[25] These upgrades were surprisingly expensive ($200,000 and $400,000, respectively) and had long ship date lead times after being ordered by a customer; consequently, they were never popular with customers, the majority of whom leased their systems via a third-party leasing company.^[24] This led to the original S/370-155 and S/370-165 models being described as "boat anchors". The upgrade, required to run OS/VS1 or OS/VS2, was not cost effective for most customers by the time IBM could actually deliver and install it, so many customers were stuck with these machines running MVT until their lease ended. It was not unusual for this to be another four, five or even six years for the more unfortunate ones, and turned out to be a significant factor^[26] in the slow adoption of OS/VS2 MVS, not only by customers in general, but for many internal IBM sites as well.

Subsequent enhancements

Later architectural changes primarily involved expansions in memory (central storage) – both physical memory and virtual address space – to enable larger workloads and meet client demands for more storage. This was the inevitable trend as Moore's Law eroded the unit cost of memory. As with all IBM mainframe development, preserving backward compatibility was paramount.^{[citation needed]}

• Operating system specific assist, Extended Control Program Support (ECPS). extended facility and extension features for OS/VS1, MVS^[i] and VM.^[j] Exploiting levels of these operating systems, e.g., MVS/System Extensions (MVS/SE), reduce path length for some frequent functions.

• The Dual Address Space^[27] (DAS) facility allows a privileged program to move data between two address spaces without the overhead of allocating a buffer in common storage, moving the data to the buffer, scheduling an SRB in the target address space, moving the data to their final destination and freeing the buffer. IBM introduced DAS in 1981 for the 3033, but later made it available for some 43xx,^[28] 3031 and 3032 processors. MVS/System Product (MVS/SP) Version 1 exploited DAS if it was available.
• In October 1981, the 3033 and 3081 processors added "extended real addressing", which allowed 26-bit addressing for physical storage (but still imposed a 24-bit limit for any individual address space). This capability appeared later on other systems, such as the 4381 and 3090.^[29]
• The System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA), first available in early 1983 on the 3081 and 3083 processors, provided a number of major enhancements, including expansion of virtual address spaces from 24-bits to 31-bits, expansion of real addresses from 24 or 26 bits to 31 bits, and a complete redesign of the I/O architecture.
• In February 1988, IBM announced the Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (ESA/370) for enhanced (E) 3090 and 4381 models. It added sixteen 32-bit access registers, more addressing modes, and various facilities for working with multiple address spaces simultaneously.
• On September 5, 1990, IBM announced the Enterprise Systems Architecture/390^[30] (ESA/390), upward compatible with ESA/370.

Dual address space

In 1981, IBM added the dual-address-space facility to System/370.^[27] This allows a program to have two address spaces; Control Register 1 contains the segment table origin (STO) for the primary address space and CR7 contains the STO for the secondary address space. The processor can run in primary-space mode or secondary-space mode. When in primary-space mode, instructions and data are fetched from the primary address space. When in secondary address mode, operands whose addresses defined to be logical are fetched from the secondary address space; it is unpredictable whether instructions will be fetched from the primary or secondary address space, so code must be mapped into both address spaces in the same address ranges in both address spaces. The program can switch between primary-space and secondary-space mode with the SET ADDRESS SPACE CONTROL instruction; there are also MOVE TO PRIMARY and MOVE TO SECONDARY instructions that copy a range of bytes from an address range in one address space to an address range in the other address space.^[31]

Address spaces are identified by an address-space number (ASN). The ASN contains indices into a two-level table, structured similarly to a two-level page table, with entries containing a presence bit, various fields indicating permissions granted for access to the address space, the starting address and length of the segment table for the address space, and other information. The SET SECONDARY ASN instruction makes the address space identified by a given ASN value the current secondary address space.^[31]

Extended real addressing

The initial System/370 architecture has a 24-bit limit on physical addresses, limiting physical memory to 16 MB. Page table entries have 12 bits of page frame address with 4 KB pages and 13 bits of page frame address with 2 KB pages, so combining a 12-bit page frame address with a 12-bit offset within the page or a 13-bit page frame address with an 11-bit offset within the page produces a 24-bit physical address.^[32]

The extended real addressing feature in System/370 raises this limit to 26 bits, increasing the physical memory limit to 64 MB. Two reserved bits in the page table entry for 4 KB pages were used to extend the page frame address. The extended real addressing is only available with address translation enabled and with 4 KB pages.^[32]

Series and modelsedit

Models sorted by date introduced (table)edit

The following table summarizes the major S/370 series and models. The second column lists the principal architecture associated with each series. Many models implemented more than one architecture; thus, 308x processors initially shipped as S/370 architecture, but later offered XA; and many processors, such as the 4381, had microcode that allowed customer selection between S/370 or XA (later, ESA) operation.

Note also the confusing term "System/370-compatible", which appeared in IBM source documents to describe certain products. Outside IBM, this term would more often describe systems from Amdahl Corporation, Hitachi, and others, that could run the same S/370 software. This choice of terminology by IBM may have been a deliberate attempt to ignore the existence of those plug compatible manufacturers (PCMs), because they competed aggressively against IBM hardware dominance.

Models grouped by Model number (detailed)edit

IBM used the name System/370 to announce the following eleven (3 digit) offerings:

System/370 Model 115edit

The IBM System/370 Model 115 was announced March 13, 1973^[36] as "an ideal System/370 entry system for users of IBM's System/3, 1130 computing system and System/360 Models 20, 22 and 25."

It was delivered with "a minimum of two (of IBM's newly announced) directly-attached IBM 3340 disk drives."^[36] Up to four 3340s could be attached.

The CPU could be configured with 65,536 (64K) or 98,304 (96K) bytes of main memory. An optional 360/20 emulator was available.

The 115 was withdrawn on March 9, 1981.

System/370 Model 125edit

The IBM System/370 Model 125 was announced Oct 4, 1972.^[37]

Two, three or four directly attached IBM 3333 disk storage units provided "up to 400 million bytes online."

Main memory was either 98,304 (96K) or 131,072 (128K) bytes.

The 125 was withdrawn on March 9, 1981.

System/370 Model 135edit

The IBM System/370 Model 135 was announced Mar 8, 1971.^[38] Options for the 370/135 included a choice of four main memory sizes; IBM 1400 series (1401, 1440 and 1460) emulation was also offered.

A "reading device located in the Model 135 console" allowed updates and adding features to the Model 135's microcode.

The 135 was withdrawn on October 16, 1979.

System/370 Model 138edit

The IBM System/370 Model 138 which was announced Jun 30, 1976 was offered with either 524,288 (512K) or 1,048,576 (1 MB) of memory. The latter was "double the maximum capacity of the Model 135," which "can be upgraded to the new computer's internal performance levels at customer locations."^[39]

The 138 was withdrawn on November 1, 1983.

System/370 Model 145edit

The IBM System/370 Model 145 was announced Sep 23, 1970, three months after the 155 and 165 models.^[33] It first shipped in June 1971.^[2]: 643

The first System/370 to use monolithic main memory, the Model 145 was offered in six memory sizes. A portion of the main memory, the "Reloadable Control Storage" (RCS) was loaded from a prewritten disk cartridge containing microcode to implement, for example, all needed instructions, I/O channels, and optional instructions to enable the system to emulate earlier IBM machines.^[33]

The 145 was withdrawn on October 16, 1979.

System/370 Model 148edit

The IBM System/370 Model 148 had the same announcement and withdrawal dates as the Model 138.^[40]

As with the option to field-upgrade a 135, a 370/145 could be field-upgraded "at customer locations" to 148-level performance. The upgraded 135 and 145 systems were "designated the Models 135-3 and 145-3."

System/370 Model 155edit

The IBM System/370 Model 155 and the Model 165 were announced Jun 30, 1970, the first of the 370s introduced.^[41] Neither had a DAT box; they were limited to running the same non-virtual-memory operating systems available for the System/360. The 155 first shipped in January 1971.^[2]: 643

The OS/DOS^[42] (DOS/360 programs under OS/360), 1401/1440/1460 and 1410/7010^[43][44] and 7070/7074 ^[45] compatibility features were included, and the supporting integrated emulator programs could operate concurrently with standard System/370 workloads.

In August 1972 IBM announced, as a field upgrade only, the IBM System/370 Model 155 II, which added a DAT box.

Both the 155 and the 165 were withdrawn on December 23, 1977.

System/370 Model 158edit

The IBM System/370 Model 158 and the 370/168 were announced Aug 2, 1972.^[46]

It included dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware, a prerequisite for the new virtual memory operating systems (DOS/VS, OS/VS1, OS/VS2).

A tightly coupled multiprocessor (MP) model was available, as was the ability to loosely couple this system to another 360 or 370 via an optional channel-to-channel adapter.

The 158 and 168 were withdrawn on September 15, 1980.

System/370 Model 165edit

The IBM System/370 Model 165 was described by IBM as "more powerful"^[47] compared to the "medium-scale" 370/155. It first shipped in April 1971.^[2]: 643

Compatibility features included emulation for 7070/7074, 7080, and 709/7090/7094/7094 II.

Some have described the 360/85's use of microcoded vs hardwired as a bridge to the 370/165.^[48]

In August 1972 IBM announced, as a field upgrade only, the IBM System/370 Model 165 II which added a DAT box.

The 165 was withdrawn on December 23, 1977.

System/370 Model 168edit

The IBM System/370 Model 168 included "up to eight megabytes"^[49] of main memory, double the maximum of 4 megabytes on the 370/158.^[46]

It included dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware, a pre-requisite for the new virtual memory operating systems.

Although the 168 served as IBM's "flagship" system,^[50] a 1975 newbrief said that IBM boosted the power of the 370/168 again "in the wake of the Amdahl challenge... only 10 months after it introduced the improved 168-3 processor."^[51]

The 370/168 was not withdrawn until September 1980.

System/370 Model 195edit

The IBM System/370 Model 195 was announced Jun 30, 1970 and, at that time, it was "IBM's most powerful computing system."^[52]

Its introduction came about 14 months after the announcement of its direct predecessor, the 360/195. Both 195 machines were withdrawn Feb. 9, 1977.^[53][52]

System/370-compatibleedit

Beginning in 1977, IBM began to introduce new systems, using the description "A compatible member of the System/370 family."^[54][55]

IBM 303Xedit

The first of the initial high end machines, IBM's 3033, was announced March 25, 1977^[56] and was delivered the following March, at which time a multiprocessor version of the 3033 was announced.^[57] IBM described it^[58] as "The Big One."

IBM noted about the 3033, looking back, that "When it was rolled out on March 25, 1977, the 3033 eclipsed the internal operating speed of the company's previous flagship the System/370 Model 168-3 ..."^[50]

The IBM 3031 and IBM 3032 were announced Oct. 7, 1977 and withdrawn Feb. 8, 1985.^[54][59]

IBM 308Xedit

Three systems comprised the next series of high end machines, IBM's 308X systems:

• The 3081^[60] (announced Nov 12, 1980) had 2 CPUs
• The 3083^[61] (announced Mar 31, 1982) had 1 CPU
• The 3084^[62] (announced Sep 3, 1982) had 4 CPUs

Despite the numbering, the least powerful was the 3083, which could be field-upgraded to a 3081;^[61] the 3084 was the top of the line.^[62]

These models introduced IBM's Extended Architecture's 31-bit address capability^[63] and a set of backward compatible MVS/Extended Architecture (MVS/XA) software replacing previous products and part of OS/VS2 R3.8:

All three 308x systems were withdrawn on August 4, 1987.

IBM 3090edit

The next series of high-end machines, the IBM 3090, began with models^[k] 200 and 400.^[66] They were announced Feb. 12, 1985, and were configured with two or four CPUs respectively. IBM subsequently announced models 120, 150, 180, 300, 500 and 600 with lower, intermediate and higher capacities; the first digit of the model number gives the number of central processors.

Starting with the E^[67] models, and continuing with the J and S models, IBM offered Enterprise Systems Architecture/370^[68] (ESA/370), Processor Resource/System Manager (PR/SM) and a set of backward compatible MVS/Enterprise System Architecture (MVS/ESA) software replacing previous products:

IBM's offering of an optional vector facility (VF) extension for the 3090 came at a time when Vector processing/Array processing suggested names like Cray and Control Data Corporation (CDC).^[71][72]

The 200 and 400 were withdrawn on May 5, 1989.

IBM 4300edit

The first pair of IBM 4300 processors were Mid/Low end systems announced Jan 30, 1979^[73][74] as "compact (and).. compatible with System/370."

The 4331 was subsequently withdrawn on November 18, 1981, and the 4341 on February 11, 1986.

Other models were the 4321,^[75] 4361^[76] and 4381.^[77]

The 4361 has "Programmable Power-Off -- enables the user to turn off the processor under program control";^[76] "Unit power off" is (also) part of the 4381 feature list.^[77]

IBM offered many Model Groups and models of the 4300 family,^[l] ranging from the entry level 4331 to the 4381, described as "one of the most powerful and versatile intermediate system processors ever produced by IBM."^[m]

The 4381 Model Group 3 was dual-CPU.

IBM 9370edit

This low-end system, announced October 7, 1986,^[78] was "designed to satisfy the computing requirements of IBM customers who value System/370 affinity" and "small enough and quiet enough to operate in an office environment."

IBM also noted its sensitivity to "entry software prices, substantial reductions in support and training requirements, and modest power consumption and maintenance costs."

Furthermore, it stated its awareness of the needs of small-to-medium size businesses to be able to respond, as "computing requirements grow," adding that "the IBM 9370 system can be easily expanded by adding additional features and racks to accommodate..."

This came at a time when Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and its VAX systems were strong competitors in both hardware and software;^[79] the media of the day carried IBM's alleged "VAX Killer" phrase, albeit often skeptically.^[80]

Clonesedit

In the 360 era, a number of manufacturers had already standardized upon the IBM/360 instruction set and, to a degree, 360 architecture. Notable computer makers included Univac with the UNIVAC 9000 series, RCA with the RCA Spectra 70 series, English Electric with the English Electric System 4, and the Soviet ES EVM. These computers were not perfectly compatible, nor (except for the Russian efforts)^[81][82] were they intended to be.

That changed in the 1970s with the introduction of the IBM/370 and Gene Amdahl's launch of his own company. About the same time, Japanese giants began eyeing the lucrative mainframe market both at home and abroad. One Japanese consortium focused upon IBM and two others from the BUNCH (Burroughs/Univac/NCR/Control Data/Honeywell) group of IBM's competitors.^[83] The latter efforts were abandoned and eventually all Japanese efforts focused on the IBM mainframe lines.

Some of the era's clones included:

Architecture detailsedit

IBM documentation numbers the bits from high order to low order; the most significant (leftmost) bit is designated as bit number 0.