Nymphaea amazonum

Nymphaea amazonum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Order:	Nymphaeales
Family:	Nymphaeaceae
Genus:	Nymphaea
Species:	N. amazonum
Binomial name
	Nymphaea amazonum; Mart. & Zucc.
Synonyms
	Castalia amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Britton & P.Wilson ; Leuconymphaea amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Kuntze ; Nymphaea blanda f. amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Planch. ; Nymphaea rudgeana var. amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Griseb. ; Leuconymphaea goudotiana (Planch.) Kuntze ; Nymphaea alboviridis A.St.-Hil. ; Nymphaea amazonum var. forma-submersa Sagot ; Nymphaea amazonum f. goudotiana (Planch.) Casp. ; Nymphaea amazonum var. goudotiana (Planch.) Conard ; Nymphaea blanda Hook. ; Nymphaea foetida Gardner ex Planch. ; Nymphaea goudotiana Planch. ; Nymphaea integrifolia Salzm. ex Planch. ; Nymphaea nocturna March ex Hook. ;

Nymphaea amazonum is a species of water lily native to the region spanning from Mexico to tropical South America. It has been introduced to Bangladesh.^[1]

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Nymphaea amazonum is an aquatic herb.^[2] It has dark brown to black, subcylindrical rhizomes, which can reach lengths of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) and widths of 3 centimetres (1.2 in).^[3] The broadly ovate-elliptic leaf blade reaches 32 centimetres (13 in) in length and 26 centimetres (10 in) in width.^[4] The actinodromous venation on the abaxial side of the mature leaf features strongly prominent and rounded veins.^[2] The petiole is up to 8 mm wide and exhibits a ring of trichomes towards the apex.^[4]

Generative characteristics

The nocturnal flowers float on the water surface.^[2] They are attached to 10 mm wide peduncles, which rarely exhibit a ring of trichomes towards the apex.^[4] The strong floral fragrance has been said to resemble that of Magnolia fuscata,^[5] a synonym of Magnolia figo var. figo.^[6] It has also been characterised as very pleasant.^[7]^[8]^[9] The fragrance is also said to resemble petrol, xylol,^[3]^[4] benzene, PDB, turpentine, benzol, xylene, and acetone.^[4] Fruits are produced very frequently.^[4] Up to 22000 seeds are found in a single fruit.^[5] The ovoid seeds are 1.3 mm long and 0.9 mm wide.^[3] They are smooth, pilose and exhibit trichomes in continuous longitudinal lines.^[2]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 18.^[4]

Reproduction

Vegetative reproduction

Nymphaea amazonum is stoloniferous,^[4] but does not produce proliferating pseudanthia.^[2]

Generative reproduction

The seed dispersal is hydrochorous (i.e. water-dispersed) or ornithochorous (i.e. bird-dispersed).^[10]

Taxonomy

It was first described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1832.^[1]

Type specimen

The type specimen was collected in Brazil.^[4]

Placement within Nymphaea

It is placed in Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis.^[4]

Former subspecies

Nymphaea amazonum was sepataed into the two subspecies Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum and Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii Wiersema.^[4] This view was later rejected and Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii Wiersema was then treated as a separate species Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul. in 2021.^[11]

Conservation

In Puerto Rico, USA Nymphaea amazonum faces habitat destruction.^[12] It is considered to be endangered (EN) in Cuba, as it faces diminishing and deteriorating habitats caused by agricultural practices, the influence of exotic flora and fauna, livestock farming, sedimentation, and pollution.^[13] In the Liste rouge de la flore vasculaire de Guadeloupe of 2019, Nymphaea amazonum is listed as data deficient (DD).^[14]

Ecology

Habitat

In the Pantanal, it can be found in permanent ponds.^[15] It is also found in lagoons and canals.^[16] It is found growing in mixtures of clay and sand or in sandy-quartzitic soils.^[13] Rhizomes of Nymphaea amazonum can endure periods of drought in moist sediments. In the floodplains of the Amazon, it faces competition from aquatic and semi-aquatic grass species.^[17]

Pollination

The strong floral fragrance attracts beetles of the genus Cyclocephala.^[19] The beetle species Cyclocephala castanea pollinates the flowers of Nymphaea amazonum.^[18]

Uses

Nymphaea amazonum is used as a medicine and for food.^[1] The rhizomes are edible.^[15] It has the ability to absorb the pesticides cyhalothrin and imidacloprid from the water.^[20]^[21] It exhibits antimicrobial properties in the treatment of ulcers.^[22] The flowers have been used in the treatment of herpes and erysipelas.^[23]

Cultivation

It is rare in cultivation.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc". Flora e Funga do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stoffers, A.L.; Lindeman, J.C. (1979). Flora of Suriname. Brill. pp. 373–375. ISBN 978-90-04-06062-3. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Wiersema, J. H. (1987). A monograph of Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs, 1-112.
^ ^a ^b ^c Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse." p. 76. Germany: Henkel.
^ "Magnolia figo var. figo". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ Otto, F.; Dietrich, A. (1856). Allgemeine Gartenzeitung (in German). Verlag der Nauck'sche Buchhandlung. p. 64. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Lóczy, L.; Hungary. Földművelésügyi Minisztérium (1897). Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees (in German). In Kommission von E. Hölzel. p. 7-PA33. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Otto, E.; Mettler, R. (1855). Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung (in German). R. Kittler. p. 4-PA78. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Lot, A. (1999). Catálogo de angiospermas acuáticas de México: hidrófitas estrictas emergentes, sumergidas y flotantes. Cuadernos del Instituto de Biología (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 93. ISBN 978-968-36-7928-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ "Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ Woodbury, R.O. (1975). Rare and Endangered Plants of Puerto Rico: A Committee Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. p. 61. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ ^a ^b Cruz, A.J.U.; González-Oliva, L.; Carbó, R.N. (2010). Libro rojo de la flora vascular de la provincia Pinar del Río (in Spanish). Universidad de Alicante. p. 317. ISBN 978-84-9717-061-1. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc., 1832". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ ^a ^b Damasceno-Junior, G.A.; Pott, A. (2022). Flora and Vegetation of the Pantanal Wetland. Plant and Vegetation. Springer International Publishing. p. 710. ISBN 978-3-030-83375-6. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Liogier, A.H.; Martorell, L.F. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis. Ed. de la Universidad. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8477-0369-2. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Junk, Wolfgang J.; Piedade, Maria Teresa F. (1997). "Plant Life in the Floodplain with Special Reference to Herbaceous Plants". The Central Amazon Floodplain. Vol. 126. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 147–185. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_8. ISBN 978-3-642-08214-6.
^ ^a ^b Kaufman, L.; Mallory, K.; New England Aquarium Corporation (1993). The Last Extinction. MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-262-61089-6. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Heckman, C.W. (2013). The Pantanal of Poconé: Biota and Ecology in the Northern Section of the World's Largest Pristine Wetland. Monographiae Biologicae. Springer Netherlands. p. 178. ISBN 978-94-017-3423-3. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Arora, N.K.; Kumar, N. (2019). Phyto and Rhizo Remediation. Microorganisms for Sustainability. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 98. ISBN 978-981-329-664-0. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Malik, J.A. (2022). Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation. Springer International Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-3-030-89984-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Rai, M.; Feitosa, C.M. (2022). Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases. CRC Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-000-61466-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Deutscher Apotheker-Verein (1879). Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Pharmacognosie, Pharmacie und Toxicologie (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 39. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Nymphaea_amazonum
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[POWO,_2023-1] "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 December 2023.

[Flora_E_Funga_Do_Brasil-2] "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc". Flora e Funga do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Stoffers_&_Lindeman,_1979-3] Stoffers, A.L.; Lindeman, J.C. (1979). Flora of Suriname. Brill. pp. 373–375. ISBN 978-90-04-06062-3. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Wiersema,_1987-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Wiersema, J. H. (1987). A monograph of Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs, 1-112.

[Henkel_et_al.,_1907-5] Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse." p. 76. Germany: Henkel.

[6] "Magnolia figo var. figo". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 December 2023.

[Allgemeine_Gartenzeitung,_1856-7] Otto, F.; Dietrich, A. (1856). Allgemeine Gartenzeitung (in German). Verlag der Nauck'sche Buchhandlung. p. 64. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Lóczy,_1897-8] Lóczy, L.; Hungary. Földművelésügyi Minisztérium (1897). Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees (in German). In Kommission von E. Hölzel. p. 7-PA33. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Blumenzeitung,_1855-9] Otto, E.; Mettler, R. (1855). Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung (in German). R. Kittler. p. 4-PA78. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Lot,_1999-10] Lot, A. (1999). Catálogo de angiospermas acuáticas de México: hidrófitas estrictas emergentes, sumergidas y flotantes. Cuadernos del Instituto de Biología (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 93. ISBN 978-968-36-7928-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[11] "Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 December 2023.

[Woodbury,_1975-12] Woodbury, R.O. (1975). Rare and Endangered Plants of Puerto Rico: A Committee Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. p. 61. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Urquiola_Cruz_et_al.,_2010-13] Cruz, A.J.U.; González-Oliva, L.; Carbó, R.N. (2010). Libro rojo de la flora vascular de la provincia Pinar del Río (in Spanish). Universidad de Alicante. p. 317. ISBN 978-84-9717-061-1. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[INPN-14] "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc., 1832". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Damasceno-Junior_&_Pott,_2022-15] Damasceno-Junior, G.A.; Pott, A. (2022). Flora and Vegetation of the Pantanal Wetland. Plant and Vegetation. Springer International Publishing. p. 710. ISBN 978-3-030-83375-6. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Liogier_&_Martorell,_2000-16] Liogier, A.H.; Martorell, L.F. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis. Ed. de la Universidad. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8477-0369-2. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Junk_&_Piedade,_1997-17] Junk, Wolfgang J.; Piedade, Maria Teresa F. (1997). "Plant Life in the Floodplain with Special Reference to Herbaceous Plants". The Central Amazon Floodplain. Vol. 126. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 147–185. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_8. ISBN 978-3-642-08214-6.

[Kaufman_&_Mallory,_1993-18] Kaufman, L.; Mallory, K.; New England Aquarium Corporation (1993). The Last Extinction. MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-262-61089-6. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Heckman,_2013-19] Heckman, C.W. (2013). The Pantanal of Poconé: Biota and Ecology in the Northern Section of the World's Largest Pristine Wetland. Monographiae Biologicae. Springer Netherlands. p. 178. ISBN 978-94-017-3423-3. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Arora_&_Kumar,_2019-20] Arora, N.K.; Kumar, N. (2019). Phyto and Rhizo Remediation. Microorganisms for Sustainability. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 98. ISBN 978-981-329-664-0. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Malik,_2022-21] Malik, J.A. (2022). Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation. Springer International Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-3-030-89984-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Rai_&_Feitosa,_2022-22] Rai, M.; Feitosa, C.M. (2022). Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases. CRC Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-000-61466-4. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[Jahresbericht,_1879-23] Deutscher Apotheker-Verein (1879). Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Pharmacognosie, Pharmacie und Toxicologie (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 39. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

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Taxon identifiers
Nymphaea amazonum	Wikidata: Q15485656 Wikispecies: Nymphaea amazonum BOLD: 629699 CoL: 48699 EoL: 596462 EPPO: NYMAZ GBIF: 2882425 GRIN: 415630 iNaturalist: 274191 IPNI: 605491-1 IRMNG: 10971088 ITIS: 18389 NCBI: 349245 Open Tree of Life: 710266 Plant List: kew-2383347 PLANTS: NYAM POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:605491-1 Tropicos: 22600050 WFO: wfo-0000381436
Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum	Wikidata: Q21383936 Wikispecies: Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum GBIF: 7326929 GRIN: 415631 iNaturalist: 316624 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77224462-1 WFO: wfo-0001086900