Trogulidae Temporal range: Palaeogene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Trogulus tricarinatus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Opiliones
Suborder:	Dyspnoi
Superfamily:	Troguloidea
Family:	Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833
Genera
†Amphitrogulus Anarthrotarsus Anelasmocephalus Calathocratus Kofiniotis Trogulus
Diversity
6 genera, 65 species
Approximate natural range of Trogulidae

Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.

Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps.^[1]

Distribution

Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.^[1]

Name

The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.^[1]

Species

The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:^[2][3][4]

• Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967

• Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967 – Greece
• Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022 – Greece

• Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879

• Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Spain (Baleares)
• Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sardinia)
• Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sicily)
• Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874) – UK to Balkans (Europe)
• Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
• Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia
• Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain, Morocco
• Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978 – Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans
• Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy
• Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
• Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
• Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879 – Italy, France (Corsica)
• Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 – Spain
• Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879 – Italy, France, Switzerland
• Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988 – France
• Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy

• Calathocratus Simon, 1879

• Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia, Italy
• Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968 – Turkey
• Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966) – Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran.
• Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011 – Russia
• Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 – Greece (Crete)
• Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013) – Kyrgyzstan
• Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011 – Russia
• Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963) – Greece (Rhodes)
• Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940) – Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey
• Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy

• Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940

• Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940 – Greece (Crete)

• Trogulus Latreille, 1802

• Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879 – France (Corsica)
• Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain (Baleares)
• Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971 – Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc.
• Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988 – Italy
• Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971 – Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc
• Trogulus coreiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – (Unknown locality)
• Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839  – Italy (contra reports of widespread)
• Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879 – France, Italy
• Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999 – Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia
• Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903 – Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans)
• Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 – Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece.
• Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
• Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Portugal
• Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans)
• Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932  – Portugal
• Trogulus lygaeiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839  – Greece
• Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983  – Italy, France, etc
• Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Greece (Corfu)
• Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
• Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763) – Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe)
• Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971 – Romania
• Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Croatia
• Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
• Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain
• Trogulus pulverulentus C. L. Koch, 1856 – Spain
• Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain
• Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968 – Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
• Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940 – Croatia
• Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia)
• Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833 – Spain
• Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Macedonia
• Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
• Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Germany, etc (Central Europe)
• Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885 – Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia)
• Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe)
• Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973 – Turkey

See also extinct:

• †Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)

Plus see unknown:

• †Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887

• †Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887

References

Further reading

• Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae
• Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9

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