This is a list of notable crowd collapses, crushes, and stampedes. Many such accidents are also in the list of accidents and disasters by death toll. The deadliest modern crowd crush incidents have both occurred during the Hajj pilgrimage, with the 1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy claiming 1,426 lives and the 2015 Mina stampede claiming 2,400.^[1]

Ancient era

• In AD 80, the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus recorded that in Jerusalem, while Ventidius Cumanus was procurator of Judea (AD 48–52), a Roman soldier mooned Jewish pilgrims at the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem who had gathered for Passover, and "spake such words as you might expect upon such a posture", causing a riot in which youths threw stones at the soldiers, who then called in reinforcements. The pilgrims panicked, and the ensuing stampede reportedly resulted in the deaths of thousands of Jews.^[2] According to Josephus, "upwards of ten thousand"^[3] and more than twenty thousand^[4] people perished in the event, though these numbers may have been exaggerated.^[5]

1700s

• 11 October 1711: 245 people were killed in a crush on the Guillotière bridge (Pont de la Guillotière [fr]) in Lyon, France, when a large crowd returning from a festival on the other side of the Rhône became trapped against an obstruction in the middle of the bridge caused by a collision between a carriage and a cart.^[6]
• 30 May 1770: At least 133 people died when a fireworks display at what is now the Place de la Concorde in Paris, a celebration of the wedding of the future Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, set mannequins and other decorations aflame, leading to a panic in which many were trampled and others drowned in the adjacent Seine. Some historians have put the total death toll up to 3,000.^[7]

1800s

Est. Deaths	Date	Name	Country	Place	Description
27–34+	23 February 1807	1807 Newgate disaster	United Kingdom	Newgate Prison, London	Dozens of spectators were crushed to death when part of a crowd of around 40,000 witnessing an execution surged forward after a wooden cart collapsed.
110	12 February 1823	Carnival tragedy of 1823	Malta	Valletta	About 110 boys died in a crush while attempting to leave the Convent of the Minori Osservanti during Carnival celebrations.[8]
65	19 February 1849	Theatre Royal disaster	United Kingdom	Glasgow, Scotland	Crush occurred at the Theatre Royal, Dunlop Street, when audience members rushed to escape the building during a fire.
43	20 November 1851	Ninth Ward School disaster	United States	New York City	Students suffocated after a staircase bannister failed while they were fleeing a possible fire, causing them to pile up at the bottom of the staircase.[9]
20	16 January 1865	Unnamed	United Kingdom	Dundee, Scotland	A crush occurred during admissions into Bell Street Hall for an upcoming promenade. The main entrance for the music hall was a downward flight of stairs with a set of inward opening gates. When the gates were opened, the force of the crowd pushed those in front down the areaway, which caused a pile-up that ultimately killed 20 people, three-quarters being between the ages of 12 and 18.[10][11]
19	10 October 1872	Unnamed	Germany	Ostrowo (now in Poland)	19 women and children were killed in a crowd crush and resulting stairs collapse in a synagogue in during the fast of Yom Kippur. A failure of the gas lighting plunged a synagogue balcony (apparently, the women's gallery) into darkness, causing panic among the women.[12]
278	5 December 1876	Brooklyn Theatre fire	United States	Brooklyn, New York	Crushes on gallery and balcony staircases during the fire delayed the evacuation of the building, a contributing factor in the reported deaths.[13]
12	30 May 1883	Unnamed	United States	New York City	Dozens of others injured after a woman tripped on the stairway of the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been open for eight days at the time. The crush was exacerbated by fears the bridge was about to collapse.[14]
183	16 June 1883	Victoria Hall disaster	United Kingdom	Sunderland, England	183 children aged between 3 and 14 were crushed when over 1,100 children surged down a blocked stairway to collect gifts from the entertainers after the end of a variety show.
40	14 October 1883	Unnamed	Russia	Ziwonka, Podolia (now in Ukraine)	False shouts of fire in the women's gallery in the synagogue caused a crush as people rushed towards the exit.[15]
183	5 September 1887	Exeter Theatre Royal fire	United Kingdom	Exeter, England	Deaths due to inadequate and obstructed fire-escapes.[16]
1,389	18 May 1896	Khodynka Tragedy	Russia	Khodynka Field, Moscow	Crush of those desiring to get presents during the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II – 1,300 more were injured.

1900s

Est. Deaths	Date	Name	Country	Place	Description
115	19 September 1902	Shiloh Baptist Church stampede	United States	Birmingham, Alabama	Crush following a false fire alarm at a convention featuring Booker T. Washington.
602	30 December 1903	Iroquois Theatre fire	United States	Chicago	Most deaths caused by crush asphyxiation in the rush to escape.
16	11 January 1908	Barnsley Public Hall disaster	United Kingdom	Barnsley, England	Children attempting to view a show were crushed on the stairs when the hall became overcrowded, resulting in the deaths of 16 children.
175	4 March 1908	Collinwood school fire	United States	Collinwood, Ohio	One rescue worker, two teachers, and 172 children between the ages of five and fifteen were killed. Most of the children were killed in a stairwell when some were trying to escape down the stairs while others, who had found escape impossible that way, were trying to flee up the stairs.
73	24 December 1913	Italian Hall disaster	United States	Calumet, Michigan	The event is considered the source for the often-cited legal limit of protected speech, i.e., that one may not falsely shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.
60–70	11 March 1918	Bolivar crowd crush [fr]	France	Paris	Following a bomb attack during World War I, Parisians tried to enter the Bolivar metro station, but the gates down the stairs only opened to the outside. The first rows of the crowd were crushed or suffocated by those behind them.[17][18]
71	31 December 1929	Glen Cinema disaster	United Kingdom	Paisley, Scotland	Caused by a smoking film canister. The resulting panic and crush initially killed 69 children and injured 40; two others later succumbed.
76	8 January 1934	Kyoto Railroad Station tragedy	Japan	Kyoto	A crowd of about 10,000 saying farewell to 750 recruits of the Imperial Japanese Navy collapsed at the bottom of a stairway from a viaduct leading over the tracks down to the platform. The number far exceeded the station's capacity.[19]
461	5 June 1941	Chongqing tunnel massacre [zh]	China	Chongqing	Thousands rushed to the Shiba Ti Tunnel bomb shelter during the Japanese Bombing of Chongqing in the Second Sino-Japanese War and were locked from the outside. Crowding and lack of oxygen caused a stampede to get out, crushing many.[20]
354	23 October 1942	Unnamed	Italy	Genoa	Crowd crush during an attack by the RAF Bomber Command in World War II as they made their way into Galleria delle Grazie, a railway tunnel used as an air-raid shelter. Rushing down the 150 steps leading underground into the shelter, people fell on top of one another.[21]
173	3 March 1943	Bethnal Green tube station disaster	United Kingdom	London	People were entering the station during an air-raid alert during World War II, and a woman holding a child lost her footing and fell down the stairs, leading to the crowd falling around her in a crush.
168	6 July 1944	Hartford circus fire	United States	Hartford, Connecticut	A fire broke out at a performance of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Many died after being trampled by other spectators, with some asphyxiating underneath the piles of people who fell over each other. Most of the dead were found in piles, some three bodies deep, at the most congested exits. A small number of people were found alive at the bottoms of these piles, protected by the bodies on top of them when the burning big top ultimately fell down.
33	9 March 1946	Burnden Park disaster	United Kingdom	Bolton, England	At an FA Cup Quarter-final between Bolton Wanderers and Stoke City, the collapse of two crash barriers in an overcrowded stand led to the crowd falling forward upon each other.
53	9 April 1952	Santa Teresa Church tragedy [es]	Venezuela	Caracas	Occurred when someone shouted "Fire!" in the Basilica of St. Teresa. 40 people were arrested in connection with the crush.[22][23][24] Two men who were arrested on the day of the crush were released. The panic started when an elderly devotee brushed against the veil which was holding candles in the head, making a small fire that alarmed those responsible for the panic.[25]
109	9 March 1953	Stalin funeral crush	Soviet Union	Moscow	A crush in Trubnaya Square during the state funeral of Joseph Stalin.[26]
500–800	3 February 1954	1954 Prayag Kumbh Mela stampede	India	Allahabad	A surging crowd broke through the barriers separating them from a procession of sadhus and holy men of various akharas, resulting in a crush.
20	4 April [when?]	Tbilisi Stadium crush	Soviet Union	Tbilisi, Georgian SSR	A crush in the Central Stadium during a football match between Dinamo Tbilisi and Spartak Moscow.
124	1 January 1956	Yahiko shrine disaster [ja]	Japan	Yahiko, Niigata	New Year panic and crush at the Yahiko Shinto shrine.[27]
67	17 June 1959	Busan Stadium crush	South Korea	Busan	Heavy rain forced spectators to rush towards the upper sections of the municipal stadium, leading to the crush.
31	26 January 1960	Seoul Station crush	South Korea	Seoul	Occurred two days before the Lunar New Year when many people were returning to their hometowns. About 3,900 people, more than three times the average crowd, flocked to the ticket gate, where 200 tickets were sold for a train with a capacity of 80 people.[28]
328	24 May 1964	Estadio Nacional disaster	Peru	Lima	Fans disputing a referee's decision during a match between Peru and Argentina began a pitch invasion, with police firing tear gas canisters into one of the grandstands to prevent more fans from invading the field, causing panic so that departing spectators moved down the enclosed stairways, pressing those in the lead against solid corrugated steel shutters at the bottom of tunnels, which were closed. The shutters finally burst outward from pressure of the crush of bodies inside. All deaths occurred in the jammed stairwells, mostly from internal haemorrhaging by crushing pressure, or by asphyxia. An additional 500 people were injured, many critically.[29]
71	23 June 1968	Puerta 12 Tragedy	Argentina	Buenos Aires	Fans were caught in a crush at the bottom of the stairs leaving through Gate 12 (Puerta 12 in Spanish) of El Monumental Stadium after a derby between River Plate and Boca Juniors. The exact cause for this crush is not certain, though rival fans might have been throwing burning paper, causing a panic. Other accounts say that the gate was closed, either by police or by other fans, intentionally or unintentionally. Still others argue that it was a simple matter of too many fans going through a gate that was narrower than the staircase leading to it. The disaster remains the deadliest sports-related event in Argentine history.
66	2 January 1971	1971 Ibrox disaster	United Kingdom	Glasgow	Stairway barriers collapsed after someone fell as fans were leaving the Ibrox Stadium following a match between Rangers and Celtic, leading to a crush. The tragedy included many children who died, and most of the deaths were caused by compressive asphyxia, with bodies being stacked up to six feet deep in the area. More than 200 others were injured.
21	10 March 1975	Sokolniki disaster [ru]	Soviet Union	Moscow	Crush after a friendly hockey match at the Sokolniki Sports Palace between the Soviet junior national team and the Canadian junior team Barrie Co-op. 25 others were wounded.
11	3 December 1979	The Who concert disaster	United States	Cincinnati, Ohio	Crush at a concert by The Who at the Riverfront Coliseum. The incident led to a reduced use of festival seating at U.S. venues.
7	9 July 1980	Unnamed	Brazil	Fortaleza, Ceará	On the 10th day of Pope John Paul II's visit to Brazil, in an effort to get good seats, the crowd at the Castelao Stadium broke down an unguarded gate and trampled those killed in the rush.[30][31]
21	8 February 1981	Karaiskakis Stadium disaster	Greece	Piraeus	While some fans were exiting the stadium after a match between Olympiacos and AEK Athens, some lost their balance and fell on the last steps; soon dozens fell onto each other and were stepped over by a horde of unsuspecting fans who kept coming. 19 people died at the scene, while two more died of their wounds in hospital. At least 55 were wounded.
66	20 October 1982	Luzhniki disaster	Soviet Union	Moscow	A crush began at a UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem at Luzhniki Stadium after a person fell and a dense moving crowd, their direction limited by metal banisters, pushed over the fallen, crushing them. Others stumbled over the bodies in a domino effect creating a large chain-reaction pile-up of people.[32]
19	20 November 1982	Khabarovsk Stadium disaster [ru]	Soviet Union	Khabarovsk	The crush occurred after a ball hockey match at Lenin Stadium. 49 others were wounded.
39	29 May 1985	Heysel Stadium disaster	Belgium	Brussels	A crush triggered by a wall that collapsed after fans escaping a confrontation between competing fan groups were pressed against it in the stadium before the start of the 1985 European Cup Final between Liverpool and Juventus. 600 were injured, and the disaster was later described as "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions".[33]
28	26 December 1987	Unnamed	China	Shanyang County, Shaanxi Province	At around 7 a.m., children rushed out of their classrooms at Chengguan Primary School after a bell called all pupils to attend a weekly school assembly on the sports field. One metal door at one end of the building was locked, causing the children from all 18 classes to rush down an unlighted stairwell to the only other exit, and some in the front fell over.[34][35]
93	13 March 1988	Kathmandu Stadium disaster	Nepal	Kathmandu	Football fans at Dasarath Rangasala Stadium attending a Tribhuvan Challenge Shield match between Janakpur Cigarette Factory and Bangladeshi side Liberation Army surged towards the only cover during a hailstorm. The crowd was beaten back by police, but when they returned to the south terrace, a crush developed in a tunnel exit through the terrace and could not escape because the stadium doors were locked, causing a fatal crush at the front of the crowd. 100 more were injured.
97	15 April 1989	Hillsborough disaster	United Kingdom	Sheffield	97 people died and 766 were injured at Hillsborough Stadium during an FA Cup match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. The intensity of the crush broke the barriers on the terraces, while those trapped were packed so tightly in the pens that many victims died of compressive asphyxia while still standing. The 1990 official inquiry concluded that the primary cause was the failure of police control, as too many people were let into the stadium. A 2012 reinvestigation concluded that crowd safety was compromised at every level by lack of police control.
8	6 June 1989	Khomeini funeral crush	Iran	Tehran	Crush as millions flocked to the coffin of Ayatollah Khomeini as it was being moved through downtown Tehran, forcing the military to transport the body to Behesht-e Zahra cemetery using a helicopter.
1,426	2 July 1990	1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy	Saudi Arabia	Mina, Mecca	A blockage at an exit of a pedestrian tunnel (Al-Ma'aisim tunnel) leading out from Mecca towards Mina and the Plains of Arafat led to deaths by suffocation of many religious pilgrims while they were traveling to perform the Stoning of the Devil ritual during the Hajj.
40	13 January 1991	Orkney Stadium Disaster	South Africa	Orkney, North West	Crush at a football match between Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates attended by about 30,000 fans in a stadium with a capacity for 23,000. When brawls broke out, people panicked, and trying to escape, were crushed against riot-control fences in the melee.
42	13 February 1991	Unnamed	Mexico	Chalma sanctuary, Mexico State	An additional 55 religious pilgrims were injured after being overwhelmed by a crowd trying to enter the atrium of the sanctuary church to receive the divine signal from the ashes. The crowd pushed on for access to the atrium, with most of the dead and injured being trampled.[36]
105	24 September 1991	1991 Taiyuan Illumination show crush [zh]	China	Jikong Bridge, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province	Large crowds of unknown size arrived in Yingze Park to see lanterns at a light festival. Crowds moving in opposite directions were crossing a poorly lit bridge. Some fell into the water and were drowned; others were killed in the crowd collapse and crush on the west side of the bridge. In all, 105 people were killed and 108 more were injured.[37][38]
9	28 December 1991	City College stampede	United States	New York City	At an oversold charity basketball game featuring rap stars, 29 others were injured while entering an overcrowded gymnasium while funneling through a small stairwell area at the City College of New York.[39]
21	1 January 1993	Lan Kwai Fong Tragedy	Hong Kong	Lan Kwai Fong	67 others injured as a crowd of 15,000 to 20,000 revelers celebrated New Year's Eve in the city's nightclub district, controlled by 118 police officers. The victims were mostly teenagers and people in their 20s. The Independent reported witnesses as saying it was impossible to distinguish between the yelps of the partying crowd and the victims' agonized screams.[40][41][42]
270	23 May 1994	1994 Hajj stampede	Saudi Arabia	Jamarat Bridge, Mecca	Hajj pilgrims were killed and injured during a crowd crush at the Stoning of the Devil ritual.
113	23 November 1994	1994 Gowari stampede	India	Nagpur, Maharashtra	Gowari people in a political protest, mostly women and children, perished in a crush triggered by cane-wielding police who attempted to prevent the estimated crowd of 40,000 from pressing towards the Vidan Bhavan. 500 others were injured.
162	18 March 1996	Ozone Disco fire	Philippines	Quezon City	A fire at a nightclub filled beyond capacity led to a crush at the only exit, whose doors opened inward. Many of the bodies were discovered along the corridor leading to the exit, piled up waist-high.[43]
83	16 October 1996	16 October disaster	Guatemala	Guatemala City	147 others were injured on the steep stairway of Estadio Mateo Flores prior to a World Cup qualifying match between Guatemala and Costa Rica. The crowd was estimated at 50,000 in the stadium designed to seat 37,500.
118	9 April 1998	Unnamed	Saudi Arabia	Mecca	Hajj pilgrims were trampled to death, 180 more injured in an incident on the Jamarat Bridge.[44]
53	14 January 1999	1999 Sabarimala stampede	India	Sabarimala shrine, Kerala	When a landslide caused a cave-in during a Hindu pilgrimage on the day of Makara Jyothi, panic ensued and 200,000 male devotees panicked as the hill upon which they stood collapsed into the temple. The BBC reported that "Some of the dead were buried in the collapse, but most died in a stampede to avoid the landslide."[45]
53	30 May 1999	Nyamiha stampede	Belarus	Minsk	A sudden thunderstorm caused a number of young people to race for nearby shelter during an open-air concert. The crowd was funneled toward the underpass of the Nyamiha metro station and many were killed when they started slipping on the wet pavement, falling and trampling each other.
6	4 December 1999	"Air & Style" crowd crush	Austria	Innsbruck	"Severe crowd accumulation" at one exit of Bergisel Stadium went unnoticed. Darkness, a steep slope and a slippery surface were contributing factors, but "panic did not occur at any time." Four others were left in a vegetative state, and 38 were injured.[46]

2000-present

2000s

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_fatal_crowd_crushes
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Est. Deaths	Date	Name	Country	Place	Description
13	24 March 2000	Throb nightclub disaster	South Africa	Chatsworth, KwaZulu-Natal	13 children killed and 100 injured after a panic that broke out after a teargas canister detonated during a party for 600 children.[47][48]
9	30 June 2000	Roskilde Festival disaster	Denmark	Roskilde	Occurred as members of the crowd were crushed against the stage during a performance by Pearl Jam. Another 26 people were injured, 3 of them seriously.
12	9 July 2000	Unnamed	Zimbabwe	Harare	Spectators at a World Cup qualifier between Zimbabwe and South Africa died trying to leave the National Sports Stadium after police fired tear gas to control the crowd.[49]
35	5 March 2001	2001 Hajj stampede	Saudi Arabia	Mina	Hajj pilgrims trampled in a crowd crush during the Stoning of the Devil ritual.[50]
43	11 April 2001	Ellis Park Stadium disaster	South Africa	Johannesburg	Crush during a football match between Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates
127	9 May 2001	Accra Sports Stadium disaster	Ghana	Accra	Crush at a football match between Kumasi Asante Kotoko and Accra Hearts of Oak after police fired tear gas at rioters.[51]
11	21 July 2001	Akashi crowd crush	Japan	Akashi	247 others injured by a crowd crush after a fireworks show.[52]
7	21 December 2001	Unnamed	Bulgaria	Sofia	Children aged 10 to 14 killed on the stairway leading to the entrance of a discothèque.[53]
14	11 February 2003	Unnamed	Saudi Arabia	Mina	Occurred during the Stoning of the Devil ritual of the Hajj pilgrimage.[54]
21	17 February 2003	2003 E2 nightclub stampede	United States	Chicago	Crush in the stairway exit to the nightclub, after a pepper spray was used on an upper-story dance floor.
100	20 February 2003	The Station nightclub fire	United States	West Warwick, Rhode Island	Many of the victims trampled.
251	1 February 2004	2004 Hajj stampede	Saudi Arabia	Mina	Occurred at Jamarat Bridge during the Stoning of the Devil ritual of the Hajj.
37	5 February 2004	2004 Miyun stampede	China	Miyun County, Beijing	15 others injured in a crowd crush during Lantern Festival in Mihong Park.[55]
21	12 April 2004	Saree Stampede	India	Lucknow	Women were killed in a crush after people rushed to collect free sarees.[56]
291	25 January 2005	Mandher Devi temple stampede	India	Maharashtra	Hindu pilgrims surged near Mandhradevi temple.
7	25 March 2005	Unnamed	Iran	Tehran	Crush after Iran-Japan match (2006 FIFA World Cup qualification) when leaving Azadi Stadium.[57]
953	31 August 2005	2005 Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster	Iraq	Baghdad	Rumors among Shiite pilgrims of a suicide bomber led to mass panic and a crush on the bridge, killing many before it finally collapsed.[58]
42	18 December 2005	2005 December Chennai stampede	India	Chennai	Crush as flood relief supplies were handed out to homeless refugees.
345	12 January 2006	2006 Hajj stampede	Saudi Arabia	Mina	Occurred at Jamarat Bridge during the Stoning of the Devil ritual of the Hajj.
78	4 February 2006	PhilSports Arena Stampede	Philippines	Pasig, Metro Manila	Crush at the venue of the first anniversary celebrations of ABS-CBN's variety show Wowowee.[59]
51	12 September 2006	Unnamed	Yemen	Ibb Governorate	More than 200 others injured in a crush at a campaign rally.[60]
12	2 June 2007	Unnamed	Zambia	Chililabombwe	Crush at the end of a football game between Zambia and Republic of Congo.[61]
14	3 October 2007	Unnamed	India	Mughalsarai, Uttar Pradesh	Women were crushed to death at a train station.[62]
6	5 October 2007	Unnamed	North Korea	Sunchon	Crush after a crowd of 15,000 watched a public execution in a stadium, 34 others injured.[63]
11	9 February 2008	2008 Bandung stampede	Indonesia	Bandung	Crush at the launching album concert of the metal band Beside.
9	27 March 2008	Unnamed	India	Ashok Nagar, Madhya Pradesh	More than a dozen others injured at a temple crush during a pilgrimage.[64]
12	20 June 2008	New's Divine nightclub tragedy	Mexico	Mexico City	13 others injured at a nightclub crush during a police raid.[65]
142	3 August 2008	Naina Devi stampede	India	Himachal Pradesh	47 others injured in a stampede at the Naina Devi temple after a rain shelter collapsed, which worshipers mistakenly took to be a landslide.
11	14 September 2008	Unnamed	Democratic Republic of Congo