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List of German monarchs
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This is a list of monarchs who ruled over East Francia, and the Kingdom of Germany (Latin: Regnum Teutonicum), from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 and the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 until the collapse of the German Empire in 1918:
East Francia, 843–962
Carolingian dynasty
Seal/Portrait | Name | King | Emperor | Ended | Notes | R. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Louis II the German (Ludwig der Deutsche)[1] |
c.10 August 843 | — | 28 August 876 | Son of Emperor Louis the Pious and grandson of Charlemagne | [2] | |
Carloman (Karlmann) |
28 August 876 | — | 22 March 880 | Son of Louis the German ruled in Bavaria; from 876, also King of Italy | [3] | |
Louis III the Younger (Ludwig der Jüngere) |
22 March 880 | — | 20 January 882 | Son of Louis the German ruled in East Francia, Saxony; from 880, also Bavaria | [4] | |
Charles III the Fat (Karl der Dicke)[5] |
20 January 882 | 12 February 881 | c.17 November 887 | Son of Louis the German ruled in Alemannia, Raetia, from 882 in the entire Eastern Kingdom; from 879, also King of Italy | [6] | |
Arnulf of Carinthia (Arnulf von Kärnten) |
c.27 November 887 | 25 April 896 | 8 December 899 | Illegitimate son of Carloman | [7][8] | |
Louis IV the Child (Ludwig das Kind) |
8 December 899 | — | 24 September 911 | Son of Arnulf of Carinthia | [9][10] |
Conradine dynasty
Portrait | Name | King | Emperor | Ended | Notes | R. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conrad I (Konrad I.) |
10 November 911 | — | 23 December 918 | Elected by the nobility | [11] |
Ottonian dynasty
Seal/Portrait | Name | King | Emperor | Ended | Notes | R. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Henry I the Fowler (Heinrich I. der Vogler) |
14 / 24 May 919 | — | 2 July 936 | Elected by the nobility | [12] | |
Arnulf the Evil (Arnulf der Böse) |
919 | — | 921 | Rival king to Henry I, member of the Luitpoldings |
Holy Roman Empire, 962–1806
The title "King of the Romans", used in the Holy Roman Empire, was, from the coronation of Henry II, considered equivalent to King of Germany. A king was chosen by the German electors and would then proceed to Rome to be crowned emperor by the pope.
Ottonian dynasty (continued)
Portrait | Name | King | Emperor | Ended | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Otto I the Great (Otto I. der Große) |
2 July 936 | 2 February 962 | 7 May 973 | Son of Henry I; first king crowned in Aachen Cathedral since Lothair I; crowned as Otto by the grace of God King;[13] crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962 | |
Otto II the Red (Otto II. der Rote) |
26 May 961 | 25 December 967 | 7 December 983 | Son of Otto I; Otto by the grace of God King[13] under his father 961–973; also crowned emperor in his father's lifetime | |
Otto III (Otto III.) |
25 December 983 | 21 May 996 | 21 January 1002 | Son of Otto II; Otto by the grace of God King[13] | |
Henry II the Saint (Heinrich II. der Heilige) |
7 June 1002 | 26 April 1014 | 13 July 1024 | Great-grandson of Henry I |
Salian dynasty
Seal/Portrait | Name | King | Emperor | Ended | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conrad II (Konrad II.) |
8 September 1024 | 26 March 1027 | 4 June 1039 | Great-great-grandson of Otto I | |
Henry III (Heinrich III.) |
14 April 1028 | 25 December 1046 | 5 October 1056 | Son of Conrad II; King (of the Germans?)[13] under his father 1028–1039 | |
Henry IV (Heinrich IV.) |
17 July 1054 | 21 March 1084 | 31 December 1105 | Son of Henry III; King of Germany under his father, 1054–1056 | |
Rudolf of Rheinfelden (Rudolf von Rheinfelden) |
15 March 1077 | — | 15 October 1080 | Rival king to Henry IV; member of the Rheinfeld. | |
Hermann of Salm (Hermann von Salm) |
6 August 1081 | — | 28 September 1088 | Rival king to Henry IV; member of the Salm family. | |
Conrad (Konrad) |
30 May 1087 | — | 27 July 1101 | Son of Henry IV; King of Germany under his father, 1087–1098, King of Italy, 1093–1098, 1095–1101 in rebellion. | |
Henry V (Heinrich V.) |
6 January 1099 | 13 April 1111 | 23 May 1125 | Son of Henry IV; King of Germany under his father, 1099–1105, forced his father to abdicate |
Supplinburger dynasty
Seal/Portrait | Name | King | Emperor | Ended | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lothair III (Lothar III.) |
13 September 1125 | 4 June 1133 | 4 December 1137 | He was Lothair II of Germany, but Lothair III of Italy |
Hohenstaufen dynasty
Seal/Portrait | Name | King | Emperor | Ended | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conrad III (Konrad III.) |
7 March 1138 | — | 15 February 1152 | Grandson of Henry IV (through his mother); Previously rival king to Lothair III 1127–1135 | |
Henry Berengar (Heinrich (VI.)) |
30 March 1147 | — | August? 1150 | Son of Conrad III; King of Germany under his father 1147–1150 | |
Frederick I Barbarossa (Friedrich I. Barbarossa) |
4 March 1152 | 18 June 1155 | 10 June 1190 | Nephew of Conrad III | |
Henry VI (Heinrich VI.) |
15 August 1169 | 15 April 1191 | 28 September 1197 | Son of Frederick I; King of Germany under his father 1169–1190 | |
Frederick II (Friedrich II.) |
1197 | — | 1197 | Son of Henry VI; King of Germany under his father, 1196 | |
Philip of Swabia (Philipp von Schwaben) |
8 March 1198 | — | 21 June 1208 | Son of Frederick I; rival king to Otto IV | |
Otto IV (Otto IV.) |
9 June 1198 | 21 October 1209 | 1215 | Great grandson of Lothair III, member of the House of Welf; later opposed by Frederick II; deposed, 1215; died 19 May 1218 | |
Frederick II (Friedrich II.) |
5 December 1212 | 22 November 1220 | 26 December 1250 | Son of Henry VI; Rival king to Otto IV until 5 July 1215 | |
Henry (Heinrich (VII.)) |
April 1220 | — | 2 July 1235 | Son of Frederick II; King of Germany under his father, 1220–1235 | |
Conrad IV (Konrad IV.) |
February 1237 | — | 21 May 1254 | Son of Frederick II; King of Germany under his father, 1237–1250 |
Interregnum
Image | Coat of arms | Name | House | King | Emperor | Ended | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Henry Raspe (Heinrich Raspe) |
Thuringia | 22 May 1246 | — | 16 February 1247 | Rival King to Frederick II and great-great-great grandson of Henry IV | ||
William of Holland (Wilhelm von Holland) |
Holland | 3 October 1247 | — | 28 January 1256 | Rival King to
Frederick II and Conrad IV 1247–1254 | ||
Richard of Cornwall (Richard von Cornwall) |
Plantagenet | 13 January 1257 | — | 2 April 1272 | Brother-in-law of Frederick II rival king to Alfonso of Castile held no real authority. | ||
Alfonso of Castile (Alfons von Kastilien) |
House of Ivrea | 1 April 1257 | — | 1275 | Grandson of Philip; rival king to Richard of Cornwall held no authority; later opposed by Rudolf I relinquished claims 1275, died 1284 |